A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures

Molecular Biology and Evolution
Iñigo OlaldeCarles Lalueza-Fox

Abstract

The spread of farming out of the Balkans and into the rest of Europe followed two distinct routes: An initial expansion represented by the Impressa and Cardial traditions, which followed the Northern Mediterranean coastline; and another expansion represented by the LBK (Linearbandkeramik) tradition, which followed the Danube River into Central Europe. Although genomic data now exist from samples representing the second migration, such data have yet to be successfully generated from the initial Mediterranean migration. To address this, we generated the complete genome of a 7,400-year-old Cardial individual (CB13) from Cova Bonica in Vallirana (Barcelona), as well as partial nuclear data from five others excavated from different sites in Spain and Portugal. CB13 clusters with all previously sequenced early European farmers and modern-day Sardinians. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that both Cardial and LBK peoples derived from a common ancient population located in or around the Balkan Peninsula. The Iberian Cardial genome also carries a discernible hunter-gatherer genetic signature that likely was not acquired by admixture with local Iberian foragers. Our results indicate that retrieving ancient genomes from similarly warm Med...Continue Reading

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
deamination
PCA
PCRs
PCR

Software Mentioned

ADMIXTURE
mapDamage2
Hirisplex
AdapterRemoval
DepthOfCoverage
BWA
bcftools
EIGENSOFT
PLINK
haplogrep

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