A Full Parallel Event Driven Readout Technique for Area Array SPAD FLIM Image Sensors

Sensors
Kaiming NieJiangtao Xu

Abstract

This paper presents a full parallel event driven readout method which is implemented in an area array single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor for high-speed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor only records and reads out effective time and position information by adopting full parallel event driven readout method, aiming at reducing the amount of data. The image sensor includes four 8 × 8 pixel arrays. In each array, four time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are used to quantize the time of photons' arrival, and two address record modules are used to record the column and row information. In this work, Monte Carlo simulations were performed in Matlab in terms of the pile-up effect induced by the readout method. The sensor's resolution is 16 × 16. The time resolution of TDCs is 97.6 ps and the quantization range is 100 ns. The readout frame rate is 10 Mfps, and the maximum imaging frame rate is 100 fps. The chip's output bandwidth is 720 MHz with an average power of 15 mW. The lifetime resolvability range is 5-20 ns, and the average error of estimated fluorescence lifetimes is below 1% by employing CMM to estimate lifetimes.

References

Jul 16, 2013·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems·David TyndallRobert K Henderson
Nov 21, 2008·IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits·David Eric SchwartzKenneth L Shepard
Nov 5, 2013·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Jochen ArltRobert K Henderson

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Citations

Sep 7, 2016·Sensors·Changhyuk LeeAlyosha Molnar

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
confocal microscopy
chip

Software Mentioned

MATLAB
MEGAFRAME
TCSPC

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