A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
Micaiah J WardGunnar S Nystrom

Abstract

Scorpions are an ancient and diverse venomous lineage, with over 2200 currently recognized species. Only a small fraction of scorpion species are considered harmful to humans, but the often life-threatening symptoms caused by a single sting are significant enough to recognize scorpionism as a global health problem. The continued discovery and classification of new species has led to a steady increase in the number of both harmful and harmless scorpion species. The purpose of this review is to update the global record of medically significant scorpion species, assigning each to a recognized sting class based on reported symptoms, and provide the major toxin classes identified in their venoms. We also aim to shed light on the harmless species that, although not a threat to human health, should still be considered medically relevant for their potential in therapeutic development. Included in our review is discussion of the many contributing factors that may cause error in epidemiological estimations and in the determination of medically significant scorpion species, and we provide suggestions for future scorpion research that will aid in overcoming these errors.

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Citations

Jan 27, 2019·Toxins·Marie-France Martin-EauclairePierre E Bougis
Mar 4, 2020·Intensive Care Medicine·Fekri AbrougSouheil Elatrous
Jul 26, 2019·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Seyed Mahdi Kazemi, Jean-Marc Sabatier
Jul 14, 2020·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Alexis Díaz-García, Diego Varela
May 16, 2020·Biomedicines·Shirin AhmadiAndreas H Laustsen
Sep 26, 2020·The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases·Jules VaucelHatem Kallel
Jan 3, 2021·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Zuhair S AmrDavid A Warrell
Dec 12, 2020·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Tobias J Hauke, Volker Herzig
Feb 7, 2021·Protein Expression and Purification·Maiki TamuraShinya Ohki
Feb 20, 2021·Clinical Toxicology : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists·Jules-Antoine VaucelHatem Kallel
Jun 26, 2020·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Allanny Alves FurtadoMatheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
Jul 14, 2020·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Meykson A SilvaÁlvaro A C Teixeira
Mar 23, 2021·Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology·Ana TelheiroArie van der Meijden
Jul 23, 2021·The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases·Sebastian Estrada-GómezArie van der Meijden
Jul 6, 2021·Journal of Medical Entomology·Jules-Antoine VaucelUNKNOWN French PCC Research Group
Aug 6, 2021·Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Ana Caroline C AlmeidaYukari F Mise
Dec 3, 2021·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Timothy P JenkinsAndreas H Laustsen

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