A nationwide study of occurrence and exposure assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in drinking water of China

Water Research
Gaga MahaiShunqing Xu

Abstract

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are the most extensively used insecticides worldwide, threatening ecosystem and human health. However, nationwide studies of NNIs and their metabolites in drinking water are limited. In order to characterize the contamination status of NNIs in drinking water throughout China, we collected 884 drinking water samples including 789 tap water and 95 groundwater samples from 32 provinces (covering seven regions of mainland China: south, central, east, north, northeast, northwest, and southwest) and Hong Kong. Ten NNIs and six of their main metabolites were determined in the water samples. The relative potency factor method was used to assess the cumulative concentrations of NNIs and their metabolites (imidacloprid-equivalent total NNIs, IMIeq) based on the chronic reference doses (cRfDs) of the NNIs or the toxic effects of the mataboilites. The IMIeq varied among the studied regions, with a median concentration of 24.5 ng/L and a maximum concentration of 8,622 ng/L. The predominant NNIs in drinking water were acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacloprid (IMI). Compared with tap water derived from groundwater, much higher concentrations of IMIeq and NNIs were found in tap water derived from surface water. Diff...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 17, 2021·Chemosphere·Piotr KaczyńskiWojciech Zoń
May 14, 2021·Environmental Science & Technology·Liwei XuChuanlai Xu
Jul 3, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Lucía Vera-HerreraYolanda Picó
Sep 2, 2021·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Shilei SunMiaomiao Sheng
Nov 23, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Aizhen WangRong Zhang

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