A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking

Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc
Keith D Markman, Matthew N McMullen

Abstract

This article reviews research on counterfactual, social, and temporal comparisons and proposes a Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM) as an organizing framework. At the heart of the model is the assertion that 2 psychologically distinct modes of mental simulation operate during comparative thinking: reflection, an experiential ("as if") mode of thinking characterized by vividly simulating that information about the comparison standard is true of, or part of, the self; and evaluation, an evaluative mode of thinking characterized by the use of information about the standard as a reference point against which to evaluate one's present standing. Reflection occurs when information about the standard is included in one's self-construal, and evaluation occurs when such information is excluded. The result of reflection is that standard-consistent cognitions about the self become highly accessible, thereby yielding affective assimilation; whereas the result of evaluation is that comparison information is used as a standard against which one's present standing is evaluated, thereby yielding affective contrast. The resulting affect leads to either an increase or decrease in behavioral persistence as a function of the type of task with wh...Continue Reading

References

Feb 1, 1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·S EpsteinE Huh
May 1, 1992·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·C McFarlandM Giltrow
Nov 1, 1991·Psychological Bulletin·D J Koehler
Dec 1, 1990·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·B P BuunkG A Dakof
Oct 1, 1989·Psychological Review·S E Taylor, M Lobel
Jul 1, 1987·Psychological Review·E T Higgins
Dec 1, 1986·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·J K Norem, N Cantor
Nov 1, 1971·Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences·J L SingerJ S Antrobus
Sep 1, 1970·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·S Morse, K J Gergen
Nov 1, 1965·Psychological Review·A Parducci
Oct 1, 1983·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·E H Wertheim, J C Schwarz
Oct 1, 1995·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·V H MedvecT Gilovich
Sep 1, 1994·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·T Gilovich, V H Medvec
Jan 1, 1994·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·M Biernat, M Manis
Feb 1, 1994·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·M B Brewer, J G Weber
May 1, 1993·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·L G Aspinwall, S E Taylor
Aug 1, 1996·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·E R HirtJ M Harackiewicz
Jan 1, 1997·Psychological Bulletin·N J Roese
Mar 10, 1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·J ShahR S Friedman
Dec 29, 1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·J FörsterL C Idson
May 11, 1999·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·L J SannaS Meier
Jan 8, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·N J RoeseG L Pennington
May 23, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·A E Wilson, M Ross
Jun 28, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·A Y LeeW L Gardner
Jul 26, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·T Mussweiler, F Strack
Sep 12, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·C McFarland, C Alvaro
Nov 18, 2000·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·M C Green, T C Brock
Jan 4, 2001·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·D A Stapel, W Koomen
Apr 24, 2001·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·A E Wilson, M Ross
Jul 12, 2001·The British Journal of Social Psychology·L J SannaE A Wegner
Dec 4, 2001·Family Medicine·D V Rodgers
Jan 29, 2002·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Thomas Mussweiler, Galen V Bodenhausen
Mar 15, 2002·Psychological Science·James A Shepperd, James K Mcnulty
Jul 30, 2003·Psychological Review·Thomas Mussweiler
Nov 1, 1957·Psychological Review·J W ATKINSON
May 1, 1962·Journal of Experimental Psychology·A PARDUCCI, L M MARSHALL
Jan 1, 1996·Annual Review of Psychology·R Karniol, M Ross
Sep 27, 1974·Science·A Tversky, D Kahneman

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Dec 16, 2004·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Diederik Stapel, Jerry Suls
Dec 15, 2005·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Kenneth G DeMarreeRichard E Petty
Apr 6, 2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Kirsten I RuysNanne K de Vries
Jul 13, 2006·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Laura J KrayElaine M Wong
May 6, 2008·Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc·Kai Epstude, Neal J Roese
Oct 26, 2011·Journal of Personality Disorders·Steven K HuprichThomas A Schmitt
May 12, 2012·Journal of Medical Internet Research·Bryan GibsonCharlene Weir
Dec 20, 2014·Behavioural Neurology·Stefano ZagoMauro Porta
Mar 17, 2012·Psychological Reports·Dong-Jenn YangJyue-Yu Lo
Jan 13, 2015·NeuroImage·Felipe De BrigardDaniel L Schacter
Jul 24, 2012·Consciousness and Cognition·Felipe De Brigard, Kelly S Giovanello
Sep 24, 2015·Annual Review of Psychology·Ruth M J Byrne
Feb 18, 2010·Journal of Experimental Social Psychology·Rachel Smallman, Neal J Roese
Nov 29, 2007·The British Journal of Social Psychology·Frenk van HarreveldLoran Nordgren
Dec 2, 2009·The British Journal of Social Psychology·Camille S Johnson, Diederik A Stapel
Oct 13, 2011·The British Journal of Social Psychology·Patrizia Milesi, Patrizia Catellani
Sep 23, 2014·Psychophysiology·Yin WuLuke Clark
Aug 5, 2015·Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy·Harald Orfgen, Arie Dijkstra
Jan 27, 2009·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry·Nathalie Vrielynck, Pierre Philippot
Apr 18, 2014·British Journal of Psychology·Heather C LenchKathleen E Darbor
Oct 10, 2014·The Journal of Psychology·Flora Kokkinaki, Nick Sevdalis
Aug 31, 2013·Experimental Psychology·Qiyuan Zhang, Judith Covey
Jun 9, 2015·The Behavioral and Brain Sciences·Felipe De Brigard, Eleanor Hanna
May 5, 2009·Journal of Experimental Social Psychology·Amy Summerville, Neal J Roese
Dec 5, 2015·Self and Identity : the Journal of the International Society for Self and Identity·Patrick J CarrollDaniel W Newhart
Jul 11, 2014·Journal of Personality Assessment·Greg HaggertyJennifer Zodan
Nov 28, 2013·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Soyon Rim, Amy Summerville
May 25, 2011·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·John V Petrocelli, Anna K Harris
Feb 22, 2007·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Keith D MarkmanAdam D Galinsky
May 6, 2008·Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc·S Christian WheelerRichard E Petty
Mar 9, 2011·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Niels van de VenRik Pieters
Jul 5, 2008·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·R Matthew Montoya
Nov 3, 2010·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Fuschia M SiroisMelissa Simpson
Mar 17, 2007·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Zakary L Tormala, Joshua J Clarkson
May 9, 2008·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Richard E PettyAlan J Strathman
Sep 7, 2005·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Katherine White, Darrin R Lehman
Oct 16, 2016·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·John V PetrocelliRyan L Stevens
Dec 23, 2015·Journal of Behavioral Addictions·So-Ra KimMyoung-Ho Hyun
Oct 31, 2017·Journal of Behavioral Decision Making·Yin WuLuke Clark
Apr 29, 2020·European Journal of Psychotraumatology·Thole H HoppenNexhmedin Morina
Mar 15, 2020·Journal of Gambling Studies·Artemisa Rocha DoresFernando Barbosa

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc
Kai Epstude, Neal J Roese
Psychological Bulletin
Neal J Roese
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Amy Summerville, Neal J Roese
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Rachel Smallman, Neal J Roese
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved