A Review of Methods for Detecting Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection in Tick, Animal, and Human Specimens

Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
Koray ErgunayDaniel Růžek

Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important tick-transmitted arbovirus causing human disease in Europe and Asia. Over the past decades, the incidence of TBEV infection has significantly increased, with over 13,000 annual hospital referrals in endemic countries and cases emerging in previously unaffected regions. Specific detection of TBEV is required to diagnose suspected human cases or during surveillance of tick vectors and/or susceptible animal species. Widely used techniques for diagnosis comprise serological methods to detect viral antigens or antibodies and nucleic acid tests to detect viral RNA in target specimens. Moreover, virus isolation using susceptible cell lines or vertebrates, electron microscopy, or immunohistochemistry can also be employed on specific occasions. The purpose of this review is to compile and outline various approaches and techniques for detecting TBEV infection in ticks, wild animals, and humans. Specific sections for specimen collection and storage, nucleic acid testing, and serological assays cover various aspects of dynamics, performance characteristics, and utility in the diagnostic workup of suspected cases. Impact of immunoglobulin M testing and quantification, immunoglobulin...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 9, 2016·Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica·Marta ArsuagaAna Vázquez González
Oct 8, 2016·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics·Aleš ChrdleDaniel Růžek
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Jan 1, 2017·Uirusu·Kentaro Yoshii
Apr 21, 2021·Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika·O V Mel'nikovaG N Leonova
Nov 28, 2021·Viruses·Zdenek Hubálek

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
electron microscopy
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
nucleic acid purification
PCR
electrophoresis
ELISAs
ELISA
Assay

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