A review of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with ships: evidence for risk management

Public Health Reports
Roisin M RooneyEwen C D Todd

Abstract

The organization of water supply to and on ships differs considerably from that of water supply on land. Risks of contamination can arise from source water at the port or during loading, storage, or distribution on the ship. The purpose of this article is to review documented outbreaks of waterborne diseases associated with passenger, cargo, fishing, and naval ships to identify contributing factors so that similar outbreaks can be prevented in the future. The authors reviewed 21 reported outbreaks of waterborne diseases associated with ships. For each outbreak, data on pathogens/toxins, type of ship, factors contributing to outbreaks, mortality and morbidity, and remedial action are presented. The findings of this review show that the majority of reported outbreaks were associated with passenger ships and that more than 6,400 people were affected. Waterborne outbreaks due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, noroviruses, Salmonella spp, Shigella sp, Cryptosporidium sp, and Giardia lamblia occurred on ships. Enterotoxigenic E. coli was the pathogen most frequently associated with outbreaks. One outbreak of chemical water poisoning also occurred on a ship. Risk factors included contaminated port water, inadequate treatment, impro...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 23, 2013·Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease·Christos HadjichristodoulouUNKNOWN SHIPSAN TRAINET partnership
Jun 17, 2011·Epidemiology and Infection·F SerdarevicS I Gerber
Jun 15, 2010·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Ioannis S ArvanitoyannisGordon Nichols
Mar 12, 2010·BMC Public Health·Varvara A MouchtouriUNKNOWN SHIPSAN Partnership
May 20, 2014·Food and Environmental Virology·Fabrizio BertRoberta Siliquini
May 23, 2012·The Science of the Total Environment·Varvara A MouchtouriChristos Hadjichristodoulou
May 23, 2008·Journal of Travel Medicine·Marc-Andre R ChimonasElaine Cramer
Jul 11, 2012·Journal of Travel Medicine·Elaine H CramerAndrew Ganzon
Apr 4, 2015·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·Ryan CronkJamie Bartram
Jun 29, 2004·Public Health Reports·Roisin M RooneyPeter K Benembarek
Oct 4, 2011·Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation·Debra L WatersPeter Herbison
Dec 5, 2013·Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps·Ralf Matthias HagenH Frickmann
May 31, 2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Grant Ligon, Jamie Bartram
Nov 29, 2016·Epidemiology and Infection·S L CollinsC Willis

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