A review on the potential sources and health implications of fluoride in groundwater of Sub-Saharan Africa

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
Tobiloba OnipeJohn O Odiyo

Abstract

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water for millions of people around the world. Over 400 million people in Africa depend solely on it as their main source of water supply. Fluoride is a common contaminant in groundwater. In low concentration (0.5-1.0 mg/L), fluoride is needed by humans for healthy development of bones and teeth, however, a concentration >1.5 mg/L has been linked with several fluorosis and non-fluorosis diseases. Dental and skeletal fluorosis are the major fluorosis diseases commonly reported with the consumption of fluoride-rich water. Although fluoride intake through other pathways such as the drinking of tea and eating of vegetables have been reported, the drinking of fluoride-rich water remains the major pathway of fluoride into humans. Cases of high fluoride levels in groundwater have been reported in almost all the sub-Saharan Africa region but it is more prevalent in East African countries, Sudan and South Africa. Although fluoride is present in surface water mostly in the East African Rift Valley across different countries in East Africa, its significant or high levels are usually associated with groundwater. Geogenic sources such as fluorite, apatite, biotite, amphibole, micas, topaz, cryolite,...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 3, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Rofhiwa T MadilongaJohn O Odiyo
Sep 7, 2021·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering·E Y Wong, M K Stenstrom

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