A scanning electron microscopy study of the embryonic development of Pycnogonum litorale (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida)

Journal of Morphology
Jakob Machner, Gerhard Scholtz

Abstract

The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Pycnogonida (sea spiders) is still controversial. This is in part due to a lack of detailed data about the morphology and ontogenesis of this, in many aspects, aberrant group. In particular, studies on the embryonic development of pycnogonids are rare and in part contradictory. Here, we present the first embryological study of a pycnogonid species using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We describe the late embryogenesis of Pycnogonum litorale from the first visible appendage anlagen to the hatchling in 11 embryonic stages. The three pairs of appendage anlagen gain in length by growth, as well as by extension of furrows into the embryo. The opening of the stomodaeum is located far in front of the anlagen of the chelifores and has a Y-shaped lumen from the onset. During further embryogenesis, the position of the mouth shifts ventrally, until it is located between the chelifores. The proboscis anlage grows out as a circumoral wall-like structure, which is initially more pronounced ventrally. Hypotheses about the evolution of the proboscis by fusion of originally separated components are critically discussed, because the proboscis anlage of P. litorale shows no indications of a composit...Continue Reading

References

Jun 26, 2001·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·J C Regier, J W Shultz
Jun 20, 2006·Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution·Jon Mallatt, Gonzalo Giribet
Jul 4, 2006·Development Genes and Evolution·Gerhard Scholtz, Gregory D Edgecombe
Jul 6, 2006·Development Genes and Evolution·Michaël ManuelHervé Le Guyader
Jan 31, 2007·Development Genes and Evolution·Abderrahman Khila, Miodrag Grbić
Sep 6, 2007·Journal of Morphology·W H Fahrenbach, Claudia P Arango
Dec 1, 1998·Journal of Morphology·Andreas Schmidt-RhaesaJames R Garey

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Citations

Dec 8, 2011·Development Genes and Evolution·Georg BrenneisGerhard Scholtz
Dec 6, 2011·Development Genes and Evolution·Georg BrenneisGerhard Scholtz
Jun 16, 2011·Frontiers in Zoology·Carsten Wolff, Maarten Hilbrant
Dec 19, 2016·Arthropod Structure & Development·Javier Ortega-HernándezGraham E Budd
Jul 11, 2019·Journal of Morphology·Nina AlexeevaNatalia Shunatova
Dec 29, 2020·Journal of Morphology·Nina Alexeeva, Yuta Tamberg
Apr 17, 2021·Arthropod Structure & Development·Graham E Budd

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