Abstract
We examined the reliability, validity and factor structure of the Eye Contact Avoidance Scale (ECAS), a new 15-item screening tool designed to measure eye contact avoidance in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Internal consistency of the scale was acceptable to excellent and convergent validity with the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) and the Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS) was good. Boys with a comorbid ASD diagnosis obtained significantly higher scores on the ECAS compared to boys without ASD, when controlling for communication ability. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model (avoidance and aversion) provided an excellent fit to the data. The ECAS appears to be a promising reliable and valid tool that could be employed as an outcome measure in future pharmacological/behavioral treatment trials for FXS.
References
May 31, 1991·Cell·A J VerkerkF P Zhang
Feb 1, 1991·American Journal of Medical Genetics·I L CohenW T Brown
Nov 1, 1989·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines·I L CohenW T Brown
Aug 17, 2002·Psychoneuroendocrinology·D HesslA L Reiss
Dec 17, 2003·Journal of Abnormal Psychology·Andrew J Tomarken, Niels G Waller
Jan 13, 2004·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Anna J EsbensenStephen Ruedrich
Feb 27, 2004·Development and Psychopathology·Allan L Reiss, Christopher C Dant
Aug 25, 2004·American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part a·Walter E KaufmannPia Stanard
May 16, 2006·American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part a·Deborah D HattonPenny Mirrett
Aug 10, 2006·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Scott HallAllan Reiss
Aug 7, 2007·American Journal of Mental Retardation : AJMR·Melissa M MurphyRonald Serlin
Apr 17, 2008·Journal of Medical Genetics·Paul J Hagerman
Sep 10, 2008·NeuroImage·Laura M HolsenRichard J Davidson
Jan 2, 2009·Pediatrics·Randi J HagermanMichael Tranfaglia
Feb 3, 2009·Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·Scott S HallAllan L Reiss
Apr 9, 2011·Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders·Lisa CordeiroDavid Hessl
Apr 26, 2011·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Fiona J AldridgeMegan Williams
Sep 7, 2011·Developmental Neuroscience·Michael R Tranfaglia
Oct 6, 2011·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Stephanie M SansoneDavid Hessl
Sep 18, 2013·Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP·Elizabeth Berry-KravisUNKNOWN Outcome Measures Working Groups
Jan 24, 2014·American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities·Nicole M Russo-PonsaranElizabeth Berry-Kravis
Jul 27, 2014·Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation·Cicely KerrJennifer Petrillo
Jun 17, 2015·American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : the Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics·Scott S HallAllan L Reiss
Citations
Aug 31, 2020·Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology·Katrina WilliamsJenny Downs
Jun 6, 2019·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Jane RobertsLeonard Abbeduto
Mar 20, 2020·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Katherine EllisJo Moss
Nov 16, 2018·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·Jordan EzellJane Roberts
Aug 30, 2018·Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders·Caitlin E GannonScott S Hall
May 4, 2021·Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation·A J O WhitehouseJenny Downs
Sep 28, 2021·The Clinical Neuropsychologist·Lauren Bush, Megan N Scott