A survey of substance use for cognitive enhancement by university students in the Netherlands

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
Kimberly J SchelleAnke C C M van Mil

Abstract

Pharmacological cognitive enhancement, using chemicals to change cellular processes in the brain in order to enhance one's cognitive capacities, is an often discussed phenomenon. The prevalence among Dutch university students is unknown. The study set out to achieve the following goals: (1) give an overview of different methods in order to assess the prevalence of use of prescription, illicit and lifestyle drugs for cognitive enhancement (2) investigate whether polydrug use and stress have a relationship with cognitive enhancement substance use (3) assessing opinions about cognitive enhancement prescription drug use. A nationwide survey was conducted among 1572 student respondents of all government supported Dutch universities. The most detailed level of analysis-use of specific substances without a prescription and with the intention of cognitive enhancement-shows that prescription drugs, illicit drugs and lifestyle drugs are respectively used by 1.7, 1.3, and 45.6% of the sample. The use of prescription drugs and illicit drugs is low compared to other countries. We have found evidence of polydrug use in relation to cognitive enhancement. A relation between stress and the use of lifestyle drugs for cognitive enhancement was ob...Continue Reading

References

Sep 1, 1991·British Journal of Addiction·T F HeathertonK O Fagerström
Dec 1, 1983·Journal of Health and Social Behavior·S CohenR Mermelstein
Jul 13, 2000·Addictive Behaviors·R C Engels, R A Knibbe
May 28, 2005·Addiction·Zeena HarakehRutger C M E Engels
Jul 19, 2005·Addictive Behaviors·Sean Esteban McCabe, Carol J Boyd
Sep 1, 2005·Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie·Sean P BarrettRobert O Pihl
May 9, 2008·The American Journal on Addictions·Robert L DupontBonnie B Wilford
Nov 5, 2008·Journal of American College Health : J of ACH·Alan D DeSantisSeth M Noar
May 9, 2009·Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine·Matthew DunnGomathi Sitharthan
Jun 23, 2009·Science and Engineering Ethics·Nick Bostrom, Anders Sandberg
Apr 27, 2010·Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society·Dimitris RepantisIsabella Heuser
Nov 19, 2011·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·S H BackhouseA Petróczi
Mar 30, 2012·Journal of Addiction Medicine·Silvana CastaldiPeter J Schulz
Jun 19, 2012·Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift·Stefanie MacheDavid A Groneberg
Jun 27, 2012·Neuropharmacology·C Ian RaganUNKNOWN Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs
Sep 19, 2012·Neuropharmacology·Bruno G Frenguelli
Jun 19, 2013·The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB·Anders Sandberg
Jun 20, 2013·Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy·Wanja Wolff, Ralf Brand
Nov 14, 2013·Pharmacopsychiatry·R Ott, N Biller-Andorno
May 27, 2014·Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience·Kimberly J SchelleMiles Hewstone

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

May 6, 2016·Frontiers in Psychology·Pavel DietzAndreas G Franke
Dec 15, 2015·PloS One·Larissa J MaierMatthias E Liechti
Jan 18, 2018·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Ana CausanillesPim de Voogt
Oct 17, 2017·Frontiers in Public Health·Kimberly R Urban, Wen-Jun Gao
Feb 6, 2020·PloS One·Rachel D TeodoriniJames H Smith-Spark
Apr 23, 2020·São Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina·Karine de Lima Sírio BoclinLilian Rigo
Apr 27, 2019·Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine : PEHM·Tina Tomažič, Anita Kovačič Čelofiga
Jul 14, 2018·International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health·Eric JanssenJalpa Shah
Apr 21, 2017·British Journal of Pharmacology·L-S Camilla d'AngeloBarbara J Sahakian
Sep 13, 2020·Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Lieke HofmansRoshan Cools
Sep 21, 2016·Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy·Andreas G FrankeMichael Soyka
Mar 20, 2020·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs·Paula AdamopoulosEleanor J Dommett
Nov 3, 2020·Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan·Midori Yamamoto, Yuji Ishii
Jan 14, 2021·Journal of Neural Transmission·Anselm B M FuermaierFrank Faltraco
Jan 17, 2021·The International Journal on Drug Policy·Margit Anne PetersenLotte Stig Nørgaard
Nov 17, 2020·AJOB Neuroscience·Eman Ahmed, Kristien Hens
Jul 28, 2020·European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology·Carl A RobertsCatharine Montgomery
May 1, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Irina BrumboiuMarie-Pierre Tavolacci
May 11, 2021·Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine·C ClarkeN Farrelly
Dec 25, 2021·European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe·Abrar A TounsiHebah M Hamdan

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

SPSS Statistics

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Psychopathology
C N Stefanis, A Kokkevi
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria : orgão oficial da Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria, Asociación Psiquiátrica de la América Latina
Lúcio Garcia de OliveiraArthur Guerra de Andrade
Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre
Hisham Z BajwaLukman Thalib
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved