Abstract
Recent EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) reports highlighted that the ecological risk assessment of pesticides needed to go further by taking more into account the impacts of chemicals on biodiversity under field conditions. We assessed the effects of two commercial formulations of fungicides separately and in mixture, i.e., Cuprafor Micro® (containing 500 g kg-1 copper oxychloride) at 4 (C1, corresponding to 3.1 mg kg-1 dry soil of copper) and 40 kg ha-1 (C10), and Swing® Gold (50 g L-1 epoxiconazole EPX and 133 g L-1 dimoxystrobin DMX) at one (D1, 5.81 10-2 and 1.55 10-1 mg kg-1 dry soil of EPX and DMX, respectively) and ten times (D10) the recommended field rate, on earthworms at 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the application following the international ISO standard no. 11268-3 to determine the effects on earthworms in field situations. The D10 treatment significantly reduced the species diversity (Shannon diversity index, 54% of the control), anecic abundance (29% of the control), and total biomass (49% of the control) over the first 18 months of experiment. The Shannon diversity index also decreased in the mixture treatment (both fungicides at the recommended dose) at 1 and 6 months after the first application (68% o...Continue Reading
References
Jun 1, 1988·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP·J Cairns
Feb 7, 2001·Aquatic Toxicology· Van den Brink PJT C Brock
Mar 3, 2004·Ecotoxicology·Jörg RömbkeThomas Moser
Jul 21, 2004·The Science of the Total Environment·Lukas Van ZwietenSteven Morris
Apr 21, 2005·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Matthias Liess, Peter Carsten Von Der Ohe
Jun 28, 2005·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·H EijsackersA J Reinecke
Feb 24, 2006·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Valery E ForbesLis Bach
Sep 7, 2007·Ecotoxicology·Thomas MoserCornelis A M Van Gestel
May 16, 2008·Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift·Torsten HothornPeter Westfall
Nov 19, 2010·Ecotoxicology·Bernhard FörsterJörg Römbke
Jul 5, 2011·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Miguel J G SantosSusana Loureiro
Jan 17, 2012·Environmental Pollution·Mikhail A Beketov, Matthias Liess
Oct 23, 2012·Chemosphere·C PelosiD Makowski
Dec 25, 2012·Ecotoxicology·B Scholz-StarkeM Roß-Nickoll
May 31, 2014·Environmental Pollution·Nicolas GivaudanClaudia Wiegand
Dec 3, 2014·The Science of the Total Environment·Lisbeth SchnugHans Petter Leinaas
Jun 18, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·C PelosiS Nélieu
Sep 1, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·S NélieuC Pelosi
Dec 18, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Florian ChabautyPierre Benoit
Oct 18, 2016·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Hassan MirmonsefMartin Holmstrup
Mar 7, 2017·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Sylvain BartCéline Pelosi
Sep 1, 1992·Oecologia·J C Y Marinissen, F van den Bosch
Dec 15, 2017·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Sulata MaityMarta Mydlárová Blaščáková
Feb 7, 2018·Ecotoxicology·Joël AmosséCéline Pelosi
Jun 23, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sylvain BartCéline Pelosi
Jun 25, 2019·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Sylvain BartCéline Pelosi
Oct 8, 2019·Current Biology : CB·Ting LiuManqiang Liu
Dec 8, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sylvain BartAlexandre R R Péry
Jan 25, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sabine DuquesneJörn Wogram