A unified theory for the energy cost of legged locomotion

Biology Letters
Herman Pontzer

Abstract

Small animals are remarkably efficient climbers but comparatively poor runners, a well-established phenomenon in locomotor energetics that drives size-related differences in locomotor ecology yet remains poorly understood. Here, I derive the energy cost of legged locomotion from two complementary components of muscle metabolism, Activation-Relaxation and Cross-bridge cycling. A mathematical model incorporating these costs explains observed patterns of locomotor cost both within and between species, across a broad range of animals (insects to ungulates), for a wide range of substrate slopes including level running and vertical climbing. This ARC model unifies work- and force-based models for locomotor cost and integrates whole-organism locomotor cost with cellular muscle physiology, creating a predictive framework for investigating evolutionary and ecological pressures shaping limb design and ranging behaviour.

References

Jan 1, 1978·Annual Review of Physiology·E Homsher, C J Kean
Jul 19, 1990·Nature·R Kram, C R Taylor
Oct 1, 1988·Journal of Applied Physiology·M Bergström, E Hultman
Jan 1, 1982·Annual Review of Physiology·C R Taylor, N C Heglund
Jul 18, 2002·American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology·Scott Medler
Sep 24, 2004·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·Karin Isler
Apr 28, 2005·The Journal of Experimental Biology·R McNeill Alexander
May 8, 2007·Zoology : Analysis of Complex Systems, ZACS·Stephen M ReillyAudrone R Biknevicius
May 10, 2007·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Herman Pontzer
May 20, 2008·Science·Jandy B HannaTimothy M Griffin
Nov 17, 2009·PloS One·Herman PontzerJohn R Hutchinson
Feb 11, 2012·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Ulla M Lindhe Norberg, R Åke Norberg
Feb 7, 1997·Journal of Theoretical Biology·R McN Alexander

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Feb 14, 2017·PloS One·Martin HoraVladimír Sládek
Oct 26, 2016·Ecology and Evolution·Craig R WhiteLewis G Halsey
Jun 21, 2017·Current Biology : CB·Herman Pontzer
Nov 5, 2016·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Caleb M Bryce, Terrie M Williams
Nov 2, 2016·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Lewis G Halsey, Craig R White
Jun 18, 2017·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Jandy B HannaDaniel Schmitt
Feb 6, 2017·Journal of Human Kinetics·James Richard Jim Usherwood
Aug 2, 2018·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Shalaya KippRodger Kram
Nov 30, 2019·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Michael C GranatoskyCallum F Ross
Aug 20, 2020·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Owen N BeckGregory S Sawicki
Feb 25, 2017·Evolutionary Anthropology·Herman Pontzer
Aug 24, 2017·American Journal of Physical Anthropology·M Vidal-CordascoJ Rodríguez
Mar 1, 2017·PeerJ·Leah M SparrowCampbell Rolian
Jul 12, 2017·Scientific Reports·Masahiro HoriuchiHerman Pontzer
Apr 11, 2019·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Michael C GranatoskyCallum F Ross
Jul 28, 2018·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Christian M GagnonHerman Pontzer
May 24, 2018·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Monica A Daley, Aleksandra Birn-Jeffery
May 6, 2021·BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology·Ummat Somjee
Jun 24, 2021·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Elaine E Kozma, Herman Pontzer

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Annual Review of Physiology
J E Heath, M S Heath
Annual Review of Physiology
R T Tregear, S B Marston
Physiological Reviews
G H Pollack
Annual Review of Physiology
E Homsher, C J Kean
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved