Accuracy Bounds and Measurements of a Contactless Permittivity Sensor for Gases Using Synchronized Low-Cost mm-Wave Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar Transceivers

Sensors
Andreas OchRobert Weigel

Abstract

A primary concern in a multitude of industrial processes is the precise monitoring of gaseous substances to ensure proper operating conditions. However, many traditional technologies are not suitable for operation under harsh environmental conditions. Radar-based time-of-flight permittivity measurements have been proposed as alternative but suffer from high cost and limited accuracy in highly cluttered industrial plants. This paper examines the performance limits of low-cost frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensors for permittivity measurements. First, the accuracy limits are investigated theoretically and the Cramér-Rao lower bounds for time-of-flight based permittivity and concentration measurements are derived. In addition, Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out to validate the analytical solutions. The capabilities of the measurement concept are then demonstrated with different binary gas mixtures of Helium and Carbon Dioxide in air. A low-cost time-of-flight sensor based on two synchronized fully-integrated millimeter-wave (MMW) radar transceivers is developed and evaluated. A method to compensate systematic deviations caused by the measurement setup is proposed and implemented. The theoretical discussion ...Continue Reading

References

Sep 7, 2001·Measurement Science & Technology·M G Allen
Jul 19, 2006·IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control·Stefan SchusterAndreas Stelzer
Sep 27, 2012·Sensors·Xiao LiuHuansheng Ning

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