Abstract
Stress from habitat fragmentation has been shown to impact amphibian declines. Studies from a variety of vertebrates indicate that stressed animals exhibit an acute increase in circulating plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels and consequent immunomodulation. To further explore the relationship between GCs and immunity, we subjected three species of newly captured Brazilian toads, Rhinella ornata, R. icterica and R. schneideri to restraint with or without movement restriction (maintenance in a moistened cloth bag vs. maintenance in a bin) for 24 h. We compared various parameters from baseline (field conditions) with values after restraint, including those associated with stress (corticosterone [CORT] plasma levels), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio [N:L ratio]), potential reproduction (testosterone [T] plasma levels), and innate immunity (bacterial killing ability [BKA]). General responses to the restraint challenge (baseline vs. restraint) included increased CORT levels and N:L ratio, and decreased T levels and BKA. Additionally, CORT levels and N:L ratio tended to increase more from restraint with movement restriction than to restraint without movement restriction, indicating toads showed increased stress response to the more ...Continue Reading
Citations
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