Acute toxicity of gymnodimine to mice

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
Rex MundayChristopher O Miles

Abstract

The acute toxicity of the phycotoxin gymnodimine to female Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection and by oral administration has been determined. Gymnodimine was highly toxic by injection, the LD50 being only 96 microg/kg. Animals either died within 10 min of injection or made a full recovery with no perceptible long-term effects. Gymnodimine was also toxic after oral administration by gavage (LD50 755 microg/kg), but was much less toxic when administered with food. No signs of toxicity were seen in mice voluntarily ingesting food containing gymnodimine at a level sufficient to give a dose of approximately 7500 microg/kg. Pre-treatment with physostigmine or neostigmine protected against injected gymnodimine, suggesting that the latter exerts its toxic effects via blockade of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The low toxicity of gymnodimine when ingested with food suggests that this compound is of low risk to humans, a conclusion that is consonant with anecdotal evidence for the absence of harmful effects in individuals consuming shellfish contaminated with gymnodimine.

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Citations

Jun 8, 2011·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Romulo AraozArmen Zakarian
Oct 26, 2011·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Ke KongDaniel Romo
Nov 15, 2013·Toxins·Rex Munday, John Reeve
Apr 8, 2011·Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry·Sylvestre ToumieuxYannick Landais
Oct 26, 2011·Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry·Leslie DuroureCatherine Guillou
Jun 5, 2012·Chemical Research in Toxicology·Luis M Botana
Jun 22, 2011·Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology·Eva AlonsoLuis M Botana
Nov 3, 2012·The Journal of Organic Chemistry·Jeffrey J JacksonArmen Zakarian
Feb 2, 2016·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Kirsi HarjuPaula Vanninen
Oct 16, 2010·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Rex Munday
Sep 11, 2007·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Thomas RundbergetChristopher O Miles
Apr 5, 2011·European Journal of Organic Chemistry·Stéphane BeaumontArmen Zakarian
Feb 13, 2016·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Sara F FerreiroLuis M Botana
Feb 16, 2013·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM·P de la IglesiaM A Quilliam
Sep 1, 2005·Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology·Michael DragunowDoug Mountfort
Jul 21, 2012·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Rex MundayLesley Rhodes
Jul 6, 2013·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Laura P RodríguezLuis M Botana
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