Adaptations for marine habitat and the effect of Triassic and Jurassic predator pressure on development of decompression syndrome in ichthyosaurs.

Die Naturwissenschaften
B M RothschildL D Martin

Abstract

Decompression syndrome (caisson disease or the "the bends") resulting in avascular necrosis has been documented in mosasaurs, sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, and turtles from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, but it was unclear that this disease occurred as far back as the Triassic. We have examined a large Triassic sample of ichthyosaurs and compared it with an equally large post-Triassic sample. Avascular necrosis was observed in over 15% of Late Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous ichthyosaurs with the highest occurrence (18%) in the Early Cretaceous, but was rare or absent in geologically older specimens. Triassic reptiles that dive were either physiologically protected, or rapid changes of their position in the water column rare and insignificant enough to prevent being recorded in the skeleton. Emergency surfacing due to a threat from an underwater predator may be the most important cause of avascular necrosis for air-breathing divers, with relative frequency of such events documented in the skeleton. Diving in the Triassic appears to have been a "leisurely" behavior until the evolution of large predators in the Late Jurassic that forced sudden depth alterations contributed to a higher occurrence of bends.

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Citations

Jul 25, 2012·Die Naturwissenschaften·John Hayman
Mar 22, 2014·PloS One·Torsten M ScheyerHugo Bucher
Oct 26, 2018·PloS One·Judith M Pardo-PérezErin E Maxwell
Mar 8, 2020·Scientific Reports·Judith M Pardo-PérezErin E Maxwell
Aug 16, 2018·Royal Society Open Science·Dawid SurmikBruce M Rothschild
Mar 11, 2017·Die Naturwissenschaften·Dawid SurmikRoman Pawlicki
Aug 10, 2017·Royal Society Open Science·Dawid SurmikKatarzyna Janiszewska
Sep 7, 2021·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Susana Gutarra, Imran A Rahman

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