ADT with antiandrogens in prostate cancer induces adverse effect of increasing resistance, neuroendocrine differentiation and tumor metastasis.

Cancer Letters
Yuanjie NiuChawnshang Chang

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Androgen-deprivation-therapy (ADT) with antiandrogens to target the androgens/androgen receptor (AR) signals remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. However, most of the PCa patients who received ADT with antiandrogens, including the recently developed Enzalutamide (Enz) that might extend PCa patients survival an extra 4.8 months, will still develop the castration (or antiandrogen) resistance. Mechanism dissection studies suggest these antiandrogen resistances may involve the induction of AR splicing variants and/or AR mutants. Further preclinical in vitro/in vivo studies suggest ADT-antiandrogens may also enhance the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and PCa cell invasion, and these unwanted side-effects may function through various mechanisms including altering the infiltrating inflammatory cells within the prostate tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes these unwanted ADT-induced side-effects and discusses multiple approaches to overcome these side-effects to better suppress the PCa at the castration resistant stage.

Citations

Oct 9, 2020·Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy·Siyuan QinWeifeng He
May 1, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Yiwei WangZhenyou Jiang
Oct 17, 2020·BioMed Research International·Chenglin HanXunbo Jin
Jun 26, 2021·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research·Sirisha NataniRamesh Ummanni
Jul 4, 2020·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Xian ChenYuxin Zhou
Dec 24, 2021·Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology·Xue ShuiChanghong Shi

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