Age-related changes in the capacity to select early-onset upper-limb reactions to either recover balance or protect against impact

Experimental Gerontology
James R BorrelliBrian E Maki

Abstract

Falling is a leading cause of serious injury, loss of independence and nursing home admission in seniors. Arm reactions induced by a sudden loss of balance can play an important role in preventing falls and protecting against injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unpredictable perturbation characteristics on perturbation-triggered early-onset balance-recovery and impact-protection arm reactions. Twelve healthy young adults (20-28 yrs.; 5 women) and twelve healthy older adults (65-74 yrs.; 8 women) were tested and compared. Participants were exposed to forward/backward platform translations with/without a handrail available, while perturbation magnitudes were varied over a wide range that either allowed balance recovery or resulted in a "fall" (into a safety harness). Barriers were used to deter stepping reactions, so as to simplify interpretation of the arm reactions. Early-onset arm reactions (deltoid/biceps latency <200 ms) occurred in 91% of trials. When a handrail was present, the majority of responses (71%) involved a reach-to-grasp reaction. In the absence of a handrail, the induced arm movement was consistent with efforts to either counterbalance the falling motion (27% of trials) or to protect a...Continue Reading

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