Alkalinity conversion of bauxite refinery residues by neutralization

Journal of Hazardous Materials
Max JohnstonN Ward

Abstract

Red mud remains the largest environmental issue for the alumina industry due to its high pH (>13), fine-grained nature (>90% is <10 microm), elevated sodium concentration (>50 g/kg), and soluble alkalinity (approximately 30 g/kg as equivalent CaCO(3)), which reduce the transport and reuse options of red mud. The neutralization of red mud provides potential reuse options because neutralization lowers pH, increases grain-size (e.g., coagulation), and precipitates or converts alkalinity. This paper investigates the geochemistry of 3 treatments of a red mud to affect neutralization and potentially convert materials from a waste material to a resource. This study investigates two commonly used neutralization techniques, a CO(2)-neutralized red mud (CNRM), a Basecon-neutralized red mud (Basecon), and a more novel approach of a CO(2)-neutralization followed by a Basecon-neutralization (Hybrid) to understand the effects that these treatments have on neutralization process. Data indicate that the neutralization techniques form two distinct geochemical groups when discriminated on total alkalinity alone, that is treatments with, and treatments without alkalinity precipitation. However, each treatment has distinct alkalinity speciation (h...Continue Reading

References

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Dec 29, 2004·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Claudia BrunoriLeonardo Torricelli

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Citations

Jun 7, 2013·Environmental Science & Technology·Abby KirchoferJennifer Wilcox
Oct 11, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Feng ZhuXiaofei Li
Nov 5, 2011·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Shuo Qin, Bolin Wu
Nov 1, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Muxi LuoFengting Li
Nov 14, 2016·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Xiangfeng KongYiwei Li
Feb 18, 2015·Waste Management & Research : the Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA·Teemu KinnarinenAntti Häkkinen
Jul 2, 2014·Chemical Society Reviews·A SannaM M Maroto-Valer
Dec 7, 2018·Applied Physics. B, Lasers and Optics·Adrien P GenoudBenjamin P Thomas
Mar 30, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Shengguo XueYiwei Li
Oct 28, 2011·Journal of Environmental Quality·M W ClarkL Fergusson
Aug 22, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Derek HigginsRonan Courtney
Jan 7, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Shashikant Yadav, Anurag Mehra
Nov 7, 2018·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Yaxian ZhangJose Tacares Araruna Junior
Feb 11, 2018·Journal of Colloid and Interface Science·Gaojie LiangTuan A H Nguyen
Feb 2, 2011·Environmental Science & Technology·András GelencsérMihály Pósfai
Jul 13, 2012·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Tiago S S FreireGordon J Thorogood

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