Analysis of 2 x 2 tables of frequencies: matching test to experimental design

International Journal of Epidemiology
John Ludbrook

Abstract

Biomedical investigators often use unsuitable statistical techniques for analysing the 2 x 2 tables that result from their experimental observations. This is because they are confused by the conflicting, and sometimes inaccurate, advice they receive from statistical texts or statistical consultants. These consist of a review of published work, and the use of five different statistical procedures to analyse a 2 x 2 table, executed by StatXact 8.0, Testimate 6.0, Stata 10.0, SAS 9.1 and SPSS 16.0. Discussion and Conclusions It is essential to classify a 2 x 2 table before embarking on its analysis. A useful classification is into (i) Independence trials (doubly conditioned). These almost never occur in biomedical research because they involve predetermining the column and row totals in a 2 x 2 table. The Fisher exact test is the best method for analysing these trials. (ii) Comparative trials (singly conditioned). These correspond to the usual experimental design in biomedical work, in which a sample of convenience is randomized into two treatment groups, so that the group (column) totals are fixed in advance. The proper tests of significance are exact tests on the odds ratio, on the ratio of proportions (relative risk and risk ra...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Feb 5, 2010·Bioinformatics·Donovan H Parks, Robert G Beiko
Jan 17, 2009·International Journal of Epidemiology·Andreas Stang, Oliver Kuss
Jan 9, 2013·Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology·John Ludbrook
Apr 5, 2013·Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology·John Ludbrook
Jun 12, 2013·Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology·John Ludbrook
Jul 26, 2012·Canadian Journal of Microbiology·Walter H B DemczukUNKNOWN Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network
Oct 23, 2012·Indian Journal of Pharmacology·Ganesh N DakhaleMohini S Mahatme
Jun 15, 2013·AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology·T E Darsaut, J Raymond
Feb 18, 2016·Women & Health·Lisa T WigfallJames R Hébert
Feb 26, 2016·International Journal of Surgery·Hayden A SnowSteven T F Chan
Oct 30, 2015·Human Reproduction·Athanasios Papathanasiou
Apr 24, 2018·The Laryngoscope·Christopher W NoelJohn R de Almeida
Aug 16, 2017·Tropical Animal Health and Production·Adriana Agostini BarbosaCarlos Antonio Carvalho Fernandes
Oct 23, 2018·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Aimee M DeatonPaul Nioi
Dec 2, 2019·Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis·John KanitraRichard Berri
Mar 14, 2020·Journal of Pathology Informatics·Pericles S GiannarisDmitriy Shin
Nov 28, 2019·European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·Aria Nouri
Oct 1, 2021·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·Piotr RatajczakKrzysztof Kus

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