Analysis of the viral replication cycle of adenovirus serotype 2 after inactivation by free chlorine

Environmental Science & Technology
Aimee M GallBenito J Mariñas

Abstract

Free chlorine is effective at inactivating a wide range of waterborne viral pathogens including human adenovirus (HAdV), but the mechanisms by which free chlorine inactivates HAdV and other human viruses remain to be elucidated. Such advances in fundamental knowledge are key for development of new disinfection technologies and novel sensors to detect infectious viruses in drinking water. We developed and tested a quantitative assay to analyze several steps in the HAdV replication cycle upon increasing free chlorine exposure. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect HAdV genomic DNA as a means to quantify attachment and genome replication of untreated and treated virions. Also, we used quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to quantify the transcription of E1A (first early protein) and hexon mRNA. We compared these replication cycle events to virus inactivation kinetics to determine what stage of the virus replication cycle was inhibited as a function of free chlorine exposure. We observed that adenovirus inactivated at levels up to 99.99% by free chlorine still attached to host cells; however, viral DNA synthesis and early E1A and late hexon gene transcription were inhibited. We conclude that fr...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 22, 2015·Environmental Science & Technology·Jong Kwon ChoeWilliam A Mitch
Jun 26, 2015·PLoS Pathogens·Aimee M GallJoanna L Shisler
May 16, 2020·Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications·Lu Chen, Jiangong Liang
Aug 21, 2021·Journal of Hazardous Materials·Kaige SongFei Ling
Feb 27, 2018·Environmental Science & Technology·Bernardo Vazquez-BravoBenito J Mariñas
Jan 14, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Andri Taruna RachmadiDaisuke Sano
Dec 15, 2021·Environmental Science & Technology·Zhong QiaoKrista R Wigginton

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