Analyzing the linkage between military spending, economic growth, and ecological footprint in Pakistan: evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Zahoor AhmedSadia Mansoor

Abstract

The ecological consequences of military spending is a hugely neglected area, and a veil of mystery surrounds this topic. The environmental threats posed by militaries remain insufficiently investigated in the name of national security. Prompted by the internal and external conflicts and prolonged military dictatorships, the Pakistani military assumes a role that goes beyond that of a traditional army. The current study addresses this significant gap in the literature by investigating the impacts of military spending on economic growth and the ecological footprint in Pakistan from 1971 to 2016 using the combined cointegration test and the bootstrap causality test. The findings of the study unveil a positive impact of military spending on the ecological footprint, while a negative impact on economic growth. The outcomes of the bootstrap causality test of Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) highlight that economic growth Granger causes military spending, while causality runs from military spending to the ecological footprint. Energy consumption contributes to the ecological footprint and economic growth, whereas education expenditures do not influence economic growth and the environment in the long run. Further, the findings suggest a U-sh...Continue Reading

References

Dec 15, 2016·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Melike E Bildirici
May 26, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie
Aug 22, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mehmet Akif DestekEyup Dogan
Sep 6, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sakiru Adebola SolarinIlhan Ozturk
Oct 8, 2018·The Science of the Total Environment·Mehmet Akif Destek, Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie
May 6, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Zahoor AhmedNazakat Ali
Jun 17, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mehmet Akif Destek, Ilyas Okumus
Jul 14, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Zahoor Ahmed, Zhaohua Wang
Mar 9, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Seyfettin ErdoğanAyfer Gedikli

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Jan 16, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Bo YangMinhaj Ali
Apr 12, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Tomiwa Sunday AdebayoDervis Kirikkaleli
Apr 26, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Tomiwa Sunday AdebayoOseyenbhin Sunday Osemeahon
Jun 26, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Shauku KihomboDervis Kirikkaleli
Jul 24, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Muhammad Zubair ChishtiRecep Ulucak
Jul 24, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Tarek Bel Hadj
Aug 17, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Shauku KihomboTomiwa Sunday Adebayo
Aug 18, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mohammed ShakibHaider Mahmood

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.