Anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter

The American Journal of Medicine
I M Lang, Reza Shaker

Abstract

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is composed of the cricopharyngeus (CP), thyropharyngeus (TP; inferior pharyngeal constrictor [IPC] in humans), and cranial cervical esophagus. All 3 muscles may at times function to maintain tone in the UES, but only the CP contracts and relaxes in all physiologic states consistent with the UES. The CP is a striated muscle composed of variable-sized small (25-35 microm) muscle fibers that are primarily type I (slow twitch), highly oxidative, and contain abundant (40%) endomysial elastic connective tissue. The fibers may attach to the connective tissue framework, forming a muscular net. In humans and rats, but not other animals, the CP has no median raphe. The optimum length of the CP for development of active tension is about 1.7 times resting length; therefore, in some respects the CP acts more like cardiac than striated muscle. A passive tone in the CP is present and increases through all degrees of stretch. The high compliance of the CP allows it to be opened by distraction of other muscles (e.g., geniohyoideus) or increased intraluminal pressure. The CP is innervated by branches of the vagus nerves: pharyngoesophageal (PE), superior laryngeal (SLN), and recurrent laryngeal (RLN); glosso...Continue Reading

References

Jul 15, 1991·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·S M AltschulerR R Miselis
Dec 1, 1990·Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology·F KristmundsdottirW J Cumming
May 1, 1990·Journal of Applied Physiology·T E Dick, E van Lunteren
Jun 1, 1990·The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology·J ElidanI Gay
Mar 1, 1987·Acta Radiologica·O Ekberg, C Lindström
Jul 1, 1988·Gastroenterology·P J KahrilasR Shaker
Jan 1, 1987·Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology·R P ReynoldsM P Bendeck
Aug 1, 1986·The Journal of Laryngology and Otology·J L SteinbergJ P Nel
May 1, 1985·The Laryngoscope·J J van OverbeekH M Segenhout
Jan 1, 1967·Experimental Neurology·R W DotyA T Storey
Jan 1, 1970·The Laryngoscope·T ShippK Robertson
Jun 1, 1966·The American Journal of Physiology·A F Grimm, W V Whitehorn
Dec 1, 1995·Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery·N TadakiY Ibata
Nov 1, 1994·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·J B KoblerE J Benecchi
Sep 1, 1993·Research in Veterinary Science·C Ibebunjo
Jan 1, 1993·Dysphagia·R K GoyalS J Spechler
Oct 1, 1993·Annals of Internal Medicine·A M Nichols
Oct 23, 1995·Brain Research·X BaoS M Altschuler
Jan 1, 1996·Dysphagia·L Mu, I Sanders
Sep 1, 1956·British Medical Bulletin·D R WILKIE
Jul 1, 1958·The Laryngoscope·J A KIRCHNER
Sep 1, 1964·The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology·W S LUND, G M ARDRAN
Jan 1, 1965·The Laryngoscope·M N LEVITTJ H OGURA
Aug 1, 1948·The American Journal of Physiology·K HWANGA C IVY

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

May 9, 2014·HNO·M JungheimM Ptok
Nov 2, 2014·Journal of Movement Disorders·Cumhur Ertekin
Oct 14, 2010·Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·Sudarshan R JadcherlaReza Shaker
Jan 19, 2013·American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology·Sudarshan R JadcherlaReza Shaker
Jun 10, 2009·Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica·O M SkrobićP M Pesko
Apr 3, 2009·European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery·Alexios S VardouniotisGeorge A Velegrakis
Jan 27, 2005·Gastrointestinal Endoscopy·Andrew Y WangIkuo Hirano
Sep 8, 2012·Clinics in Perinatology·Sudarshan R Jadcherla
Nov 2, 2011·Thoracic Surgery Clinics·Yong S KwonAlbert L Merati
Apr 12, 2011·Thoracic Surgery Clinics·Paula A UgaldeCesar Araujo
Nov 24, 2007·The Journal of Pediatrics·Sudarshan Rao JadcherlaReza Shaker
Feb 6, 2007·Sleep Medicine·Peter R EastwoodDavid R Hillman
Jul 14, 2010·Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society·A I Hårdemark CedborgE Sundman
Apr 28, 2010·The Laryngoscope·Peter C BelafskyRebecca J Leonard
Jan 27, 2015·Gastrointestinal Endoscopy·Shou-jiang Tang, Ruonan Wu
Nov 27, 2002·Muscle & Nerve·Cumhur Ertekin, Ibrahim Aydogdu
Sep 11, 2018·The Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians·Brandon J HartSudarshan R Jadcherla
Sep 27, 2018·The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology·Pattra WattanapanTakatoshi Iida
Nov 17, 2006·The Anatomical Record. Part B, the New Anatomist·Michael J LipanJeffrey T Laitman
Feb 6, 2007·The Laryngoscope·Qin WangMing Zhang
Sep 21, 2005·Dysphagia·Jeri A Logemann
Jul 11, 2013·Digestive Surgery·Yong YuanLong-Qi Chen
Nov 16, 2013·Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology·Bhaveshkumar J PatelChristian S Jackson
Jun 18, 2002·American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology·Rohan B H WilliamsIan J Cook
Oct 23, 2001·American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology·R B WilliamsI J Cook
Nov 9, 2018·Dysphagia·Nogah Nativ-ZeltzerPeter C Belafsky
Mar 3, 2021·Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology·Sourav HalderNeelesh A Patankar
Mar 27, 2021·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·André Miazaki da Costa TourinhoElisa Gomes Vieira
Apr 5, 2021·Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology·Nathalie SamsonJean-Paul Praud
Mar 16, 2000·The American Journal of Medicine·D V Sivarao, R K Goyal
Dec 10, 2003·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology·Masaaki AndoTomohiro Kozaka
Aug 26, 2021·Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society·Francis O EdeaniReza Shaker
Oct 10, 2009·Morphologie : Bulletin De L'Association Des Anatomistes·J-M PradesC Martin

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

Current Gastroenterology Reports
I M Lang, Reza Shaker
JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association
J A LogemannB Boshes
© 2021 Meta ULC. All rights reserved