Animal models in an age of personalized medicine

Personalized Medicine
Ray GreekMark J Rice

Abstract

Personalized medicine is based on intraspecies differences. It is axiomatic that small differences in genetic make-up can result in dramatic differences in response to drugs or disease. To express this in more general terms: in any given complex system, small changes in initial conditions can result in dramatically different outcomes. Despite human variability and intraspecies variation in other species, nonhuman species are still the primary model for ascertaining data for humans. We call this practice into question and conclude that human-based research should be the primary means for obtaining data about human diseases and responses to drugs.

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Citations

Sep 12, 2012·Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling·Ray Greek, Mark J Rice
Feb 14, 2015·Physiological Reports·Georgios GoutianosIoannis S Vrabas
Apr 26, 2013·Science and Engineering Ethics·Robert C Jones, Ray Greek
Jan 10, 2014·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics·Roger H BrookesNausheen Rahman
Sep 10, 2013·Pulmonary Circulation·Andre Menache, Anne Keogh
Sep 3, 2014·Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics·Ray Greek
Sep 30, 2016·Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : ATLA·Andre Menache

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
transgenic
xenograft

Software Mentioned

Dixit

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