Abstract
Seven groups (2596 subjects) were vaccinated with a human live anthrax vaccine (HLAV) by three different routes (scarification, subcutaneous and aerosol). The vaccinees were tested for anthrax cell-mediated immunity using the "Anthraxin" skin test at 7, 15, 30, 90, 180 and 365 days following vaccination. The kinetic pattern obtained from all groups, shows a significant, five-phased curve: phase I (2-6 days post-vaccination) shows a slow increase in positive Anthraxin skin reactions. Phase II (7-15 days post-vaccination) shows an exponential rise to a maximum at day 15. Phase III (16-30 days post-vaccination) shows a decrease to day 30. Phase IV (31-90 days post-vaccination) leads to a relative restoration of the positive skin reactions. During phase V (91-365 days post-vaccination) there is a continuous decrease in positive Anthraxin skin reactions. The loss of the skin test reaction on day 30 is a characteristic feature of post vaccination anthrax cell-mediated immunity. It may be due to a blockade of macrophages by lethal anthrax toxin released by the multiplying vaccine strain. Epidemiological observations of HLAV protective rates correlate with the phases of the skin reaction kinetics.
References
Oct 25, 1975·The Veterinary Record·P J Dingle
Nov 1, 1992·Molecular Biology of the Cell·P C HannaR J Collier
Jan 1, 1992·Vaccine·P D Walker
Aug 1, 1991·Vaccine·P C Turnbull
Jul 1, 1989·Microbial Pathogenesis·S L WelkosG O Nelson
May 1, 1986·Infection and Immunity·S F Little, G B Knudson
Feb 1, 1988·Infection and Immunity·J W Ezzell, T G Abshire
Mar 1, 1988·European Journal of Epidemiology·B E Ivins, S L Welkos
Jan 1, 1988·Medical Microbiology and Immunology·P C TurnbullJ Melling
Jan 1, 1988·Microbial Pathogenesis·S L Welkos, A M Friedlander
Jan 1, 1983·Infection and Immunity·P MikesellT M Dreier
Nov 1, 1994·Vaccine·N M CoulsonR W Titball
Aug 1, 1994·Vaccine·B E IvinsG O Nelson
Sep 1, 1994·Annals of Internal Medicine·W E Farrar
Jun 1, 1994·Vaccine·E N Shlyakhov, E Rubinstein
Nov 1, 1993·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·P C HannaR J Collier
Jan 1, 1993·Infection and Immunity·A M FriedlanderY Singh
Citations
May 23, 2002·Current Infectious Disease Reports·Erwin Kurt Cullamar, Larry I. Lutwick
Mar 24, 1999·Ryōikibetsu shōkōgun shirīzu·K WatanabeR Shirakawa
Sep 9, 1999·The New England Journal of Medicine·T C DixonP C Hanna
Jul 20, 2002·Annals of Surgery·Charles E BinkleyLisa M Colletti
Jul 3, 1999·Pharmacotherapy·K H IbrahimJ C Rotschafer
Apr 6, 2007·Expert Review of Vaccines·Dongmei Lu, Anthony J Hickey
Jul 3, 2007·Vaccine·Matthew J HepburnLeslie W J Baillie
Feb 9, 2007·Vaccine·Roland GrunowErnst-Jürgen Finke
Jul 11, 2006·Vaccine·John S LeeJonathan F Smith
Mar 24, 2016·PloS One·Thomas R LawsNino Trapaidze
Nov 20, 2012·Toxins·Stephanie AscoughDaniel M Altmann
Mar 2, 2016·Toxins·Xiaodong ZaiWei Chen
Mar 9, 2010·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Rebecca J IngramDaniel M Altmann
Feb 22, 2007·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Ian Justin GlomskiPierre Louis Goossens