Abstract
The inflammatory response to infection is necessary for host defense but can contribute to the systemic toxicity and lung injury that may result from pneumonia. In some settings, adjunctive treatment of lower respiratory infections with anti-inflammatory agents can reduce morbidity. Corticosteroids have a well-documented role in the management of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Corticosteroids also were found to reduce systemic symptoms of tuberculosis in a number of older studies, but their role as adjuncts to contemporary antimicrobial therapy are less clear. Corticosteroids also may be effective under some circumstances in the treatment of inflammatory sequelae of respiratory tract infection, such as tuberculous pleurisy, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, or prolonged acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may have limited applications in the modulation of chronic airway inflammation. Strategies targeting specific cytokines have not been effective to date, but remain active areas of investigation.
Citations
Mar 3, 2004·Respirology : Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology·UNKNOWN Committee for the Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines in Management of Respiratory
Nov 2, 2004·Thorax·R MenéndezUNKNOWN Neumofail Group
Jul 10, 2004·American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology·Toshiki HommaKenji Matsumoto
Jun 6, 2009·Respiratory Research·Eric M MortensenAntonio Anzueto
Sep 15, 2005·BMC Pulmonary Medicine·Eric M MortensenJacqueline Pugh
Mar 31, 2015·BioMed Research International·Naveen DhawanVineet Gupta
Dec 14, 2017·MBio·Liise-Anne Pirofski, Arturo Casadevall
Aug 20, 2011·Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences·Gregory Katz
Dec 2, 2009·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Samir P BhagwatFrancis Gigliotti
Oct 22, 2003·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Colby Zaph, Phillip Scott
Jun 19, 2009·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Grasiella M de C VenturaMustapha Si-Tahar
Jun 10, 2014·Respirology : Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology·Miquel FerrerRosario Menéndez
Jul 28, 2021·MBio·Jintao XuMichal A Olszewski
Oct 1, 2005·Archivos de bronconeumología·R Menéndez, A Torres
Oct 16, 2007·Chest·Rosario Menendez, Antoni Torres