Antimicrobial photodynamic effect of phenothiazinic photosensitizers in formulations with ethanol on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Emilia Pithan ProchnowKarla Zanini Kantorski

Abstract

Methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) are recognized as safe photosensitizers (Ps) for use in humans. The clinical effectiveness of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with MB and TB needs to be optimized, and ethanol can increase their antimicrobial effect. Formulations of MB and TB containing ethanol were evaluated for their ability to produce singlet oxygen and their antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Photoactivated formulations were prepared by diluting the Ps (250 μM) in buffered water (pH 5.6, sodium acetate/acetic acid), 10% ethanol (buffer: ethanol, 90:10), or 20% ethanol (buffer: ethanol, 80:20). Biofilms also were exposed to the buffer, 10% ethanol, or 20% ethanol without photoactivation. Untreated biofilm was considered the control group. The production of singlet oxygen in the formulations was measured based on the photo-oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. The photo-oxidation and CFU (log10) data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests. In all the formulations, compared to TB, MB showed higher production of singlet oxygen. In the absence of photoactivation, neither the buffer nor the 10% ethanol solution showed any antimicrobial effect, while the 20% ethanol solu...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 20, 2016·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology·Mark WainwrightSophie Rawthore
Feb 6, 2017·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology·Morena PetriniSimonetta D'Ercole
Sep 6, 2018·Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology·Gabriela Alves da CollinaChristiane Pavani
Jul 17, 2019·AAPS PharmSciTech·Giovana Maria Fioramonti CalixtoCarla Raquel Fontana
Jun 14, 2019·Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung. C, a Journal of Biosciences·Vanya MantarevaIvan Angelov
Jul 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Viviana Teresa OrlandiEnrico Caruso

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