Antimony exposure and speciation in human biomarkers near an active mining area in Hunan, China

The Science of the Total Environment
Li YeChuanyong Jing

Abstract

Antimony (Sb) exposure threatens human health. To identify human biomarkers for Sb exposure, we analyzed 480 environmental samples from an active Sb mining area in Hunan, China. Elevated Sb concentrations exceeding the reference level were detected in drinking water (70% of n = 83 total samples), foods (80%, n = 188), urine (95%, n = 63), saliva (44%, n = 48), hair (80%, n = 51) and nails (83%, n = 47). Drinking water contributed 85%-100% of the average daily dose (ADD) of Sb, and the total ADD (11.7 μg/kg bodyweight/day) was up to thirty times higher than the oral reference dose (0.4 μg/kg bodyweight/day) as recommended by USEPA. A positive correlation was found between ADD and Sb content in hair (p = 0.02), but not in urine (p = 0.051), saliva (p = 0.52) or nails (p = 0.85), suggesting that hair is the best non-invasive biomarker. Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis indicated that Sb is distributed in discrete spots in hair and nails, and Sb distribution is correlated with other metals. Methylated Sb species were predominant in urine (46%-100%) and saliva (74%-100%) in collected samples, implying that the human metabolic system adopts methylation as an effective pathway to detoxify and excrete Sb.

Citations

Oct 16, 2019·Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry·Saijun ZhouTengshu Chen
Mar 11, 2020·Environmental Pollution·Li YanChuanyong Jing
Mar 20, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Tianle KongWeimin Sun
Jun 24, 2020·The Science of the Total Environment·Long ZhaoHong Hou
Oct 16, 2020·Environmental Science & Technology·Liying WangChuanyong Jing
Nov 5, 2021·Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts·Li Ye, Chuanyong Jing

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