Aplacophora as Progenetic Aculiferans and the Coelomate Origin of Mollusks as the Sister Taxon of Sipuncula

The Biological Bulletin
Amélie H Scheltema

Abstract

Evidence is presented in support of the following phylogenetic hypotheses: (1) Sipuncula are the sister taxon of Mollusca; (2) the two aplacophoran taxa, Neomeniomorpha (= neomenioids) and Chaetodermomorpha (= chaetoderms), are monophyletic with a common neomenioid-like ancestor, and of the two taxa, Chaetodermomorpha are more derived; (3) Aplacophora and Polyplacophora are sister taxa and form a clade, Aculifera; (4) Aculifera are the sister group of the remaining extant mollusks, Conchifera; and (5) Aplacophora are progenetic Aculifera. The evidence is based on homologies of early and late embryological development, adult morphologies, and molecular analyses. Embryological development in sipunculans and mollusks shows a close relationship between them, and embryological development of the shell separates Aculifera and Conchifera. Adult morphologies indicate: (1) monophyly of Aplacophora; (2) sister-group relationship between Aplacophora and Polyplacophora; (3) a molluscan plesiomorphy of nonsegmented serial replication of organs; and (4) progenesis in Aplacophora. Molecular evidence supports the embryological and morphological relationships between Sipuncula and Mollusca. Mollusca are thus hypothesized to be coelomate Eutroch...Continue Reading

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