Apolipoprotein E4, Gender, Body Mass Index, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Air Pollution Interactions: Recipe for Alzheimer's Disease Development in Mexico City Young Females

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas, Suzanne M de la Monte

Abstract

Given the epidemiological trends of increasing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and growing evidence that exposure and lifestyle factors contribute to AD risk and pathogenesis, attention should be paid to variables such as air pollution, in order to reduce rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above the US EPA standards is associated with AD risk. Mexico City children experienced pre- and postnatal high exposures to PM2.5, O3, combustion-derived iron-rich nanoparticles, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and endotoxins. Exposures are associated with early brain gene imbalance in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, along with epigenetic changes, accumulation of misfolded proteins, cognitive deficits, and brain structural and metabolic changes. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele, the most prevalent genetic risk for AD, plays a key role in the response to air pollution in young girls. APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75% to <94% BMI percentiles are at the highest risk of severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2 SD from average IQ). This review focused on the relationships between gender, BMI, systemic and neural inflammation, insulin resistan...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 1, 2018·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Christina R TylerMatthew J Campen
Nov 10, 2018·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Lilian Calderón-GarcidueñasIngolf Lachmann
Feb 27, 2018·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Marine L Croze, Luc Zimmer
Oct 5, 2019·Cardiovascular Research·Mark R Miller, David E Newby
Jun 23, 2020·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Rui-Ming LiuJiu-Chiuan Chen
Feb 4, 2021·The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry·Mingchao ShiJie Zhu
Feb 2, 2021·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology·Samantha J SnowUrmila P Kodavanti
Feb 10, 2020·Neurobiology of Disease·D Allan Butterfield, Mark P Mattson

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