Aqueous exposure to the progestin, levonorgestrel, alters anal fin development and reproductive behavior in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

General and Comparative Endocrinology
Tyler E FrankelEdward F Orlando

Abstract

Endogenous progestogens are important regulators of vertebrate reproduction. Synthetic progestins are components of human contraceptive and hormone replacement pharmaceuticals. Both progestogens and progestins enter the environment through a number of sources, and have been shown to cause profound effects on reproductive health in various aquatic vertebrates. Progestins are designed to bind human progesterone receptors, but they also have been shown to strongly activate androgen receptors in fish. Levonorgestrel (LNG) activates fish androgen receptors and induces development of male secondary sex characteristics in females of other species. Although behavior has been postulated to be a sensitive early indicator of exposure to certain environmental contaminants, no such research on the reproductive behavior of gestagen-exposed fish has been conducted to date. The goal of our study was to examine the exposure effects of a human contraceptive progestin, LNG, on the reproductive development and behavior of the viviparous eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Internal fertilization is a requisite characteristic of viviparous species, and is enabled by an androgen driven elongation of the anal fin into the male gonopodium (i.e.,...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 7, 2017·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Tyler FrankelJack Frankel
Nov 20, 2018·Development and Psychopathology·Fernanda L CrossDeborah Rivas-Drake
Dec 4, 2016·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·Roberto Vázquez-EuánGabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
Feb 5, 2021·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Matthias TeigelerChristoph Schäfers
Nov 3, 2021·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Yukio KawashimaTaisen Iguchi

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