Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: a narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness

British Journal of Sports Medicine
Ryan G TimminsDavid A Opar

Abstract

The architectural characteristics of muscle (fascicle length, pennation angle muscle thickness) respond to varying forms of stimuli (eg, training, immobilisation and injury). Architectural changes following injury are thought to occur in response to the restricted range of motion experienced during rehabilitation and the associated neuromuscular inhibition. However, it is unknown if these differences exist prior to injury, and had a role in injury occuring (prospectively), or if they occur in response to the incident itself (retrospectively). Considering that the structure of a muscle will influence how it functions, it is of interest to understand how these architectural variations may alter how a muscle acts with reference to the force-length and force-velocity relationships. Our narrative review provides an overview of muscle architectural adaptations to training and injury. Specifically, we (1) describe the methods used to measure muscle architecture; (2) detail the impact that architectural alterations following training interventions, immobilisation and injury have on force production and (3) present a hypothesis on how neuromuscular inhibition could cause maladaptations to muscle architecture following injury.

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Citations

Aug 20, 2016·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Z J ZhangS N Fu
Mar 2, 2017·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·T AltH K Strüder
Nov 26, 2016·British Journal of Sports Medicine·Joshua D RuddyDavid A Opar
May 27, 2017·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Ryan G TimminsDavid A Opar
Aug 14, 2019·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Martino V FranchiJörg Spörri
Feb 7, 2020·Journal of Applied Physiology·Simon AvrillonGaël Guilhem
Jun 23, 2020·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research·Adam P BurrowsGiuseppe Cimadoro
Jun 21, 2020·The Journal of Experimental Biology·Jackey ChenGeoffrey A Power
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Mar 27, 2020·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance·Ryan G TimminsDonny M Camera
May 4, 2016·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·R SachdevaS Y Kim
Mar 13, 2020·Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine·Johnny G OwensDustin Nabhan
Jan 20, 2021·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Amelie WerkhausenOlivier R Seynnes
Apr 4, 2021·Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology·Eleftherios KellisAthanasios Ellinoudis
Jul 12, 2021·Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology·Chrysostomos SahinisAthanasios Ellinoudis
Jul 6, 2021·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research·Aaron UthoffAndrew W Pichardo
Jun 26, 2021·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Jesús G PallarésJavier Courel-Ibáñez
Dec 12, 2020·European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine·Fabienne SchillebeeckxKoen Peers
Oct 31, 2021·Sports Medicine·Alistair J McBurnieThomas Dos'Santos

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