Abstract
Metabolic acidosis, which reduces serum bicarbonate levels, contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The difference between sodium and chloride (Na-Cl) may theoretically predict serum bicarbonate levels. This study aimed to evaluate serum Na-Cl level as a risk factor for renal function decline among patients who participated in the chronic kidney disease Japan cohort (CKD-JAC) study. The association between low Na-Cl concentration (< 34 mmol/L) and composite renal function decline events (any initiation of renal replacement therapy or 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate) was evaluated among 2143 patients with CKD stage G3a-4. Using Cox regression analysis, hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated after adjusting for the following covariates: age, sex, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, anemia, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, loop diuretics, cigarette smoking, body mass index, serum albumin, systolic blood pressure, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and CKD stage. Composite renal function decline events were observed in 405 patients (18.9%) over the 4-year follow-up period. Low serum Na-Cl level (< 34 mmol/L) was ind...Continue Reading
References
Jun 1, 1991·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·K A NathT H Hostetter
Oct 9, 1980·The New England Journal of Medicine·P A GabowR W Schrier
Feb 12, 2004·Kidney International·Joseph A EustaceJosef Coresh
Jun 16, 2005·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Jeffrey A Kraut, Ira Kurtz
Nov 6, 2007·Kidney International·S PhisitkulD E Wesson
Aug 22, 2008·Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension·Enyu ImaiUNKNOWN CKD-JAC Study Group
Apr 3, 2009·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Seiichi MatsuoUNKNOWN Collaborators developing the Japanese equation for estimated GFR
Apr 28, 2009·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Samir N ShahMichal L Melamed
Jul 18, 2009·Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·Ione de Brito-AshurstMuhammad M Yaqoob
Oct 22, 2010·Kidney International·Kalani L RaphaelSrinivasan Beddhu
Dec 14, 2011·Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·Karen H van HoevenDavid S Siegel
May 25, 2012·Kidney International·Matthew K AbramowitzMichal L Melamed
Feb 9, 2013·Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·Nimrit GorayaDonald E Wesson
Mar 16, 2013·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Mirela DobreUNKNOWN CRIC Investigators
Aug 26, 2014·Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·Mirela DobreThomas H Hostetter
Jan 22, 2015·Electrolyte & Blood Pressure : E & BP·Jiwon JeongHye-Young Kim
Mar 14, 2017·American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation·Jan HavlinOtto Schück
Citations
Jul 21, 2020·PloS One·Tadashi SofueNaoki Kashihara
Feb 12, 2019·The Aging Male : the Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male·Ming-Juan ZhaoXian-Tao Zeng
Dec 5, 2019·World Journal of Diabetes·Anton I KorbutVyacheslav V Romanov
Aug 3, 2020·Clinical and Experimental Nephrology·Qiongjing YuanXiangcheng Xiao
Jan 8, 2021·Clinical and Experimental Nephrology·Kenichi TanakaJunichiro J Kazama
Oct 16, 2020·PloS One·Tadashi SofueNaoki Kashihara
Mar 30, 2021·Frontiers in Nutrition·Chi H ChanJaimon T Kelly
Aug 28, 2021·Medicina·Ronald B Brown