Associations among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and endocrine disruption.

Current Urology Reports
Michael H HsiehLaurence S Baskin

Abstract

Endocrine disruptors, such as environmental compounds with endocrine-altering properties, may cause hypospadias and cryptorchidism in several species, including humans. Anogenital distance is sexually dimorphic in many mammals, with males having longer anogenital distance on average than females. Animal models of proposed endocrine disruptors have associated prenatal exposure with hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and reduced anogenital distance. Human studies have correlated shorter anogenital distance to in utero exposure to putative endocrine disruptors. We review preliminary data suggesting that anogenital distance is reduced in boys with hypospadia and cryptorchidism. Hence, human hypospadias and cryptorchidism may be associated with reduced anogenital distance as a result of endocrine disruption.

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Citations

Jun 23, 2012·Current Urology Reports·Richard Grady, Sheela Sathyanarayana
Jan 22, 2013·Asian Journal of Andrology·Michael L EisenbergLarry I Lipshultz
Mar 22, 2012·Human Reproduction·Michael H HsiehLaurence S Baskin
Jan 6, 2010·Environmental Health Perspectives·Ajay ThankamonyIeuan A Hughes
Mar 8, 2011·Environmental Health Perspectives·Jaime MendiolaShanna H Swan
Nov 23, 2012·Environmental Health Perspectives·Marina VafeiadiManolis Kogevinas
Dec 10, 2013·Environmental Health Perspectives·Ajay ThankamonyIeuan A Hughes
May 19, 2011·PloS One·Michael L EisenbergLarry I Lipshultz
Dec 27, 2013·Asian Journal of Andrology·Konstantin SvechnikovOlle Söder
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Dec 4, 2013·Reproduction : the Official Journal of the Society for the Study of Fertility·Marta AxelstadUlla Hass
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Jan 30, 2014·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Chunhua LiuXia Huo
Feb 6, 2016·Andrology·A ThankamonyI A Hughes
Dec 20, 2011·The Journal of Urology·Michael L EisenbergLarry I Lipshultz
Jul 20, 2010·The Journal of Urology·Gregory E TasianLaurence S Baskin
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Nov 10, 2015·Current Urology Reports·Amar Y Rawal, Paul F Austin
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