Associations of anabolic-androgenic steroid use with other behavioral disorders: an analysis using directed acyclic graphs

Psychological Medicine
Gen KanayamaJames I Hudson

Abstract

Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is known to be associated with other psychiatric disorders, such as body image disorders, conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other substance use disorders (SUD) - but the causal pathways among these conditions remain poorly delineated. We created a directed acyclic graph to diagram hypothesized relationships among AAS use and dependence, body image disorder (BID), conduct disorder/sociopathy, and other SUD. Using proportional hazards models, we then assessed potentially causal relationships among these variables, using a dataset of 233 male weightlifters, of whom 102 had used AAS. BID and conduct disorder/sociopathy both strongly contributed to the development of AAS use, but did not appear to contribute further to the progression from AAS use to AAS dependence. Other SUD beginning prior to first AAS use - whether broadly defined or restricted only to opioids - failed to show an effect on AAS use or progression to AAS dependence. Conversely, AAS use contributed significantly to the subsequent first-time development of opioid use disorders but did not significantly increase the risk for first-time development of non-opioid SUD, taken as a whole. Our analysis suggests that AAS use and other SUD...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 8, 2019·Addiction·Lisa E HaugerAstrid Bjørnebekk
Sep 22, 2018·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Anna L GoldmanShalender Bhasin
Jul 14, 2020·Andrology·Michael Zitzmann
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Jul 25, 2019·Medicina·Giuseppe BertozziFrancesco Sessa
Apr 4, 2019·Psychopharmacology·Lisa E HaugerAstrid Bjørnebekk
Jan 1, 2020·Harm Reduction Journal·Geoff BatesJim McVeigh
Jan 23, 2021·Healthcare·Giuseppe Davide AlbanoAngelo Montana
Feb 24, 2021·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Lisa E HaugerAstrid Bjørnebekk
Apr 20, 2021·The American Journal on Addictions·Harrison G PopeMarc J Kaufman

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