Astrocytic vesicles and gliotransmitters: Slowness of vesicular release and synaptobrevin2-laden vesicle nanoarchitecture

Neuroscience
Robert ZorecVladimir Parpura

Abstract

Neurotransmitters released at synapses activate neighboring astrocytes, which in turn, modulate neuronal activity by the release of diverse neuroactive substances that include classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA or ATP. Neuroactive substances are released from astrocytes through several distinct molecular mechanisms, for example, by diffusion through membrane channels, by translocation via plasmalemmal transporters or by vesicular exocytosis. Vesicular release regulated by a stimulus-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium involves soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-dependent merger of the vesicle membrane with the plasmalemma. Up to 25 molecules of synaptobrevin 2 (Sb2), a SNARE complex protein, reside at a single astroglial vesicle; an individual neuronal, i.e. synaptic, vesicle contains ∼70 Sb2 molecules. It is proposed that this paucity of Sb2 molecules in astrocytic vesicles may determine the slow secretion. In the present essay we shall overview multiple aspects of vesicular architecture and types of vesicles based on their cargo and dynamics in astroglial cells.

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Citations

Dec 5, 2015·Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience·Robert ZorecAlexei Verkhratsky
Feb 26, 2016·Neurochemical Research·Débora Guerini SouzaAndré Quincozes-Santos
Sep 16, 2016·Neurochemical Research·Robert ZorecAlexei Verkhratsky
Apr 6, 2017·Cell Discovery·Anne-Cécile BoulayMartine Cohen-Salmon
Apr 17, 2018·PLoS Computational Biology·Bronac FlanaganJim Harkin
Jan 8, 2018·Reviews in the Neurosciences·Elena D OsipovaAlla B Salmina
Feb 23, 2019·Neurochemical Research·Matjaž StenovecRobert Zorec
Sep 9, 2015·Neural Plasticity·Zila Martínez-Lozada, Arturo Ortega
Aug 15, 2017·Brain Pathology·Alexei VerkhratskyVladimir Parpura
Jul 28, 2019·Glia·António Pinto-DuarteTerrence J Sejnowski
May 29, 2020·Neuropharmacology·Matjaž StenovecRobert Zorec
Aug 19, 2021·Neurochemical Research·Alexei VerkhratskyRobert Zorec

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