Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are among the most concerning emerging and re-emerging pathogens because of the potential risk for causing an influenza pandemic with catastrophic impact. The recent increase in domestic animals and poultry worldwide was followed by an increase of human AIV outbreaks reported. We reviewed the epidemiology of human infections with AIV from the literature including reports from the World Health Organization, extracting information on virus subtype, time, location, age, sex, outcome, and exposure. We described the characteristics of more than 2500 laboratory-confirmed human infections with AIVs. Human infections with H5N1 and H7N9 were more frequently reported than other subtypes. Risk of death was highest among reported cases infected with H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 infections. Older people and males tended to have a lower risk of infection with most AIV subtypes, except for H7N9. Visiting live poultry markets was mostly reported by H7N9, H5N6, and H10N8 cases, while exposure to sick or dead bird was mostly reported by H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7, and H10N7 cases. Understanding the profile of human cases of different AIV subtypes would guide control strategies. Continued monitoring of human infe...Continue Reading
References
Sep 28, 1996·Lancet·J KurtzJ Banks
Mar 3, 1998·Lancet·E C ClaasR G Webster
Sep 18, 1999·Lancet·M PeirisK F Shortridge
Mar 5, 2002·Bulletin of the History of Medicine·Niall P A S Johnson, Juergen Mueller
Apr 9, 2002·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Paul K S Chan
Jan 28, 2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Ron A M FouchierAlbert D M E Osterhaus
Feb 18, 2004·Lancet·Hannah Brown
Feb 28, 2004·Lancet·Marion KoopmansArnold Bosman
Jan 21, 2006·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Sonja J OlsenSupamit Chunsuttiwat
Nov 25, 2006·The New England Journal of Medicine·I Nyoman KandunTimothy M Uyeki
Apr 13, 2007·Clinical Microbiology Reviews·J S Malik PeirisYi Guan
Jun 12, 2009·Nature·Gavin J D SmithAndrew Rambaut
Mar 2, 2011·The Journal of Infection·Vincent C C ChengK Y Yuen
Jun 28, 2013·Lancet·Hongjie YuGabriel M Leung
Aug 21, 2013·Virus Research·M ImaiY Kawaoka
Nov 5, 2013·Lancet·Hongjie YuGabriel M Leung
Apr 24, 2014·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Kanti PabbarajuGraham A Tipples
May 29, 2014·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Xin WangJinquan Cheng
Jun 3, 2014·BMC Medicine·Eric H Y LauHongjie Yu
Oct 2, 2014·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Simona PuzelliUNKNOWN Influenza Task Force
Nov 27, 2014·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Tao ZhangBing Xu
Dec 31, 2014·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Juan PuRobert G Webster
Aug 28, 2015·Journal of Virology·Daniel RejmanekTracey Goldstein
Sep 12, 2015·The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien Des Maladies Infectieuses Et De La Microbiologie Médicale·Naheed RajabaliEdward Z Lee
Sep 15, 2015·The Journal of Infection·Jie WuChangwen Ke
Sep 25, 2015·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Jun YuanMalik Peiris
Nov 20, 2015·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Samir RefaeyAmr Kandeel
Dec 23, 2015·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Danuta M SkowronskiYan Li
Feb 18, 2016·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Ghazi KayaliMohamed A Ali
Nov 16, 2016·Science·Katelyn M GosticJames O Lloyd-Smith
May 10, 2017·Chinese Medical Journal·Ze-Hua ZhangJin-Ju Wu
Jul 27, 2017·Vaccine· World Health Organization
Sep 22, 2017·The Journal of Infectious Diseases·Bo LiuZijian Feng
Jan 26, 2018·Systematic Reviews·Ioanna P ChatziprodromidouApostolos Vantarakis
Mar 21, 2018·Vaccine· World Health Organization
Oct 26, 2018·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Jie WuHui-Ling Yen
Jul 10, 2019·Viruses·T Homas P PeacockMunir Iqbal
Nov 20, 2019·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Chuansong QuanGeorge F Gao
Citations
May 14, 2020·Viruses·Peter Pushko, Irina Tretyakova
Sep 3, 2020·EFSA Journal·UNKNOWN European Food Safety AuthorityFrancesca Baldinelli
Nov 5, 2020·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Andrew J Thompson, James C Paulson
Jan 10, 2021·Vaccines·Se-Hee AnHyuk-Joon Kwon
Mar 7, 2021·Viruses·Eun-Jee NaJae-Ku Oem
May 20, 2021·Frontiers in Tropical Diseases·Alfonso J Rodriguez-MoralesJose A Suárez
Jul 21, 2021·MBio·Zhiyuan QuHualan Chen
Aug 24, 2021·Emerging Microbes & Infections·Claudia BlaurockElsayed M Abdelwhab
Aug 12, 2021·Transboundary and Emerging Diseases·Hao TangMieghan Bruce
Sep 30, 2021·Microbiology Spectrum·Zhihao SunXiufan Liu
Nov 12, 2021·Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses·Bounthanom SengkeopraseuthPhonepadith Xangsayyarath