Axon initial segments: structure, function, and disease

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Claire Yu-Mei Huang, Matthew N Rasband

Abstract

The axon initial segment (AIS) is located at the proximal axon and is the site of action potential initiation. This reflects the high density of ion channels found at the AIS. Adaptive changes to the location and length of the AIS can fine-tune the excitability of neurons and modulate plasticity in response to activity. The AIS plays an important role in maintaining neuronal polarity by regulating the trafficking and distribution of proteins that function in somatodendritic or axonal compartments of the neuron. In this review, we provide an overview of the AIS cytoarchitecture, mechanism of assembly, and recent studies revealing mechanisms of differential transport at the AIS that maintain axon and dendrite identities. We further discuss how genetic mutations in AIS components (i.e., ankyrins, ion channels, and spectrins) and injuries may cause neurological disorders.

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Citations

Sep 11, 2019·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·James L Salzer
May 6, 2020·The Journal of Cell Biology·Andreas Prokop
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