Bacterial Defense Systems against the Neutrophilic Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid

Infection and Immunity
Sadia SultanaJan-Ulrik Dahl

Abstract

Neutrophils kill invading microbes and therefore represent the first line of defense of the innate immune response. Activated neutrophils assemble NADPH oxidase to convert substantial amounts of molecular oxygen into superoxide, which, after dismutation into peroxide, serves as the substrate for the generation of the potent antimicrobial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the phagosomal space. In this minireview, we explore the most recent insights into physiological consequences of HOCl stress. Not surprisingly, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved diverse posttranslational defense mechanisms to protect their proteins, the main targets of HOCl, from HOCl-mediated damage. We discuss the idea that oxidation of conserved cysteine residues and partial unfolding of its structure convert the heat shock protein Hsp33 into a highly active chaperone holdase that binds unfolded proteins and prevents their aggregation. We examine two novel members of the Escherichia coli chaperone holdase family, RidA and CnoX, whose thiol-independent activation mechanism differs from that of Hsp33 and requires N-chlorination of positively charged amino acids during HOCl exposure. Furthermore, we summarize the latest findings with respect to another bacterial de...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 6, 2020·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology·Jennie C HildenbrandDieter Jendrossek
Aug 17, 2020·Microorganisms·Waleska Stephanie da Cruz NizerJoerg Overhage
Oct 7, 2020·Biological Chemistry·Marharyta VaratnitskayaLars I Leichert
Aug 3, 2020·Free Radical Biology & Medicine·Louisa V AshbyChristine C Winterbourn
Sep 23, 2021·Microbiology Spectrum·Christopher W LennonJoel Weinberger

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