Beating beats mixing in heterodyne detection schemes

Nature Communications
G J Verbiest, M J Rost

Abstract

Heterodyne detection schemes are widely used to detect and analyse high-frequency signals, which are unmeasurable with conventional techniques. It is the general conception that the heterodyne signal is generated only by mixing and that beating can be fully neglected, as it is a linear effect that, therefore, cannot produce a heterodyne signal. Deriving a general analytical theory, we show, in contrast, that both beating and mixing are crucial to explain the heterodyne signal generation. Beating even dominates the heterodyne signal, if the nonlinearity of the mixing element (mixer) is of higher order than quadratic. The specific characteristic of the mixer determines its sensitivity for beating. We confirm our results with both a full numerical simulation and an experiment using heterodyne force microscopy, which represents a model system with a highly non-quadratic mixer. As quadratic mixers are the exception, many results of previously reported heterodyne measurements may need to be reconsidered.

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Citations

Apr 4, 2015·The Review of Scientific Instruments·G J VerbiestM J Rost
Apr 7, 2017·Nature Nanotechnology·Yves F DufrêneDaniel J Müller
Feb 1, 2017·Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal·M SolimanL Tetard
Dec 16, 2016·Nanotechnology·G J VerbiestM J Rost
Aug 3, 2019·The Review of Scientific Instruments·P L M J van NeerH Sadeghian
Jul 11, 2018·Nano Letters·Gerard J VerbiestChristoph Stampfer
Dec 6, 2019·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Marion A HurierMircea V Rastei
Mar 26, 2019··Maarten E. van ReijzenSasan Keyvani

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