Beating the system: a study of a creatinine assay and its efficacy in authenticating human urine specimens

Journal of Analytical Toxicology
Vincent P Villena

Abstract

Creatinine concentration is commonly used to verify the authenticity of urine specimens submitted for illicit drug screening. This study evaluated creatinine screening of donor urine specimens as a tool for detecting substituted and/or tampered specimens. The study carried out creatinine assay of animal urine, fruit juices, and urine from creatine-supplemented subjects by a modified version of the Jaffe reaction. All specimens were analyzed for creatinine concentration in a chemistry-immuno analyzer. Results showed that urine specimens from common domestic pets, including cats, dogs, and horses, have creatinine values similar to normal human values. Most fruit juices tested contained no detectable creatinine, and the few that did showed poor "urine" chemical integrity. Creatine supplementation by donors was found not to provide an effective means of elevating creatinine concentration in urine when attempting to flush out water-soluble drugs in the body. Thus, the assay for creatinine proved useful for the detection of some but not all adulterated urine specimens.

Citations

Mar 29, 2011·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·M BarrosoM López-Rivadulla
Dec 18, 2013·Bioanalysis·Mário Barroso, Eugenia Gallardo
Dec 24, 2010·Bioanalysis·Mário BarrosoJoão António Queiroz
Dec 17, 2015·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Kamisha L Johnson-DavisJonathan R Genzen
Dec 15, 2015·Journal of Chromatographic Science·Emily KerrSupaporn Kradtap Hartwell
Dec 12, 2012·The Korean Journal of Parasitology·Abbas AminAsghar Fazaeli
Nov 25, 2016·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Melissa M GogginGregory C Janis
Mar 25, 2017·Pain Medicine : the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine·Naum ShaparinElizabeth Kolb
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Aug 31, 2018·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·Wonho LeeSuhkmann Kim

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