Biodiversity offsets: two New Zealand case studies and an assessment framework.

Environmental Management
David A Norton

Abstract

Biodiversity offsets are increasingly being used for securing biodiversity conservation outcomes as part of sustainable economic development to compensate for the residual unavoidable impacts of projects. Two recent New Zealand examples of biodiversity offsets are reviewed-while both are positive for biodiversity conservation, the process by which they were developed and approved was based more on the precautionary principal than on any formal framework. Based on this review and the broader offset literature, an environmental framework for developing and approving biodiversity offsets, comprising six principles, is outlined: (1) biodiversity offsets should only be used as part of an hierarchy of actions that first seeks to avoid impacts and then minimizes the impacts that do occur; (2) a guarantee is provided that the offset proposed will occur; (3) biodiversity offsets are inappropriate for certain ecosystem (or habitat) types because of their rarity or the presence of threatened species within them; (4) offsets most often involve the creation of new habitat, but can include protection of existing habitat where there is currently no protection; (5) a clear currency is required that allows transparent quantification of values t...Continue Reading

References

Aug 6, 2005·Environmental Management·D J Harper, J T Quigley
Sep 1, 2005·Environmental Management·Douglas J BruggemanKim T Scribner
Aug 7, 2007·Environmental Management·Jeffrey W Matthews, Anton G Endress
Aug 24, 2007·PLoS Biology·Kerrie A WilsonHugh P Possingham
Nov 6, 2007·Trends in Ecology & Evolution·Robert L PresseyKerrie A Wilson

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Citations

Nov 2, 2013·The International Journal of Environmental Studies·Jesper Persson
Sep 17, 2013·Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology·Toby A GardnerKerry Ten Kate
Jul 23, 2014·Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology·David A Norton, Bruce Warburton
May 14, 2016·Journal of Environmental Management·Nigel MartinPhilip Gibbons
Nov 8, 2017·Global Change Biology·Philip GibbonsKiichiro Hayashi

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