Biological rhythms in pain and in the effects of opioid analgesics

Pharmacology & Therapeutics
G Labrecque, M C Vanier

Abstract

Pain is difficult and sometimes frustrating to treat, even though new devices and new approaches have been developed in recent years. Pain varies tremendously from one patient to the next, and there are also some studies suggesting that the intensity of pain varies according to time of day. In animal experiments, a relationship between the reaction to pain and the rhythmicity of plasma endorphin concentrations was suggested because reactions to pain (such as jumping from a hot plate) were in phase with plasma endorphin levels: latencies were longest and plasma levels were highest during the resting period of rodents. In human studies, pain induced experimentally was reported to be maximal in the morning, or in the afternoon or at night. These divergent findings may be due to methodological differences, as pain was produced by different methods, many parameters were used to quantify pain intensity, and the psychological aspect of pain was rarely considered by authors. A circadian pattern of pain was found in patients suffering from pain produced by different diseases. For instance, highest toothache intensity occurred in the morning, while biliary colic, migraine, and intractable pain were highest at night. Patients with rheumat...Continue Reading

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