Abstract
Virus electrodes address two major challenges associated with biosensing. First, the surface of the viruses can be readily tailored for specific, high affinity binding to targeted biomarkers. Second, the viruses are entrapped in a conducting polymer for electrical resistance-based, quantitative measurement of biomarker concentration. To further enhance device sensitivity, two different ligands can be attached to the virus surface, and increase the apparent affinity for the biomarker. In the example presented here, the two ligands bind to the analyte in a bidentate binding mode with a chelate-based avidity effect, and result in a 100 pM experimentally observed limit of detection for the cancer biomarker prostate-specific membrane antigen. The approach does not require enzymatic amplification, and allows reagent-free, real-time measurements. This article presents general protocols for the development of such biosensors with modified viruses for the enhanced detection of arbitrary target proteins.
References
Jun 14, 1985·Science·G P Smith
Jun 4, 1998·Urology·G P MurphyJ Gilbaugh
Oct 8, 1998·Journal of Molecular Biology·L C WelshR N Perham
Aug 19, 1999·Biosensors & Bioelectronics·S Cosnier
Feb 7, 2001·The Prostate·R L SokoloffL S Grauer
Aug 31, 2002·Angewandte Chemie·Vsevolod V RostovtsevK Barry Sharpless
Mar 6, 2003·Chemistry & Biology·Katsuyuki MuraseGregory A Weiss
Oct 30, 2003·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Norbert SchülkeWilliam C Olson
Jun 21, 2005·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Jennifer R Brigati, Valery A Petrenko
Nov 10, 2005·Chemical Reviews·John W Kehoe, Brian K Kay
May 13, 2006·Analytical Chemistry·Li-Mei C YangReginald M Penner
May 30, 2006·Biosensors & Bioelectronics·Viswaprakash NanduriVitaly Vodyanoy
Aug 2, 2006·Molecular BioSystems·A M Levin, G A Weiss
Aug 2, 2007·The American Journal of Surgical Pathology·Ai-Ying ChuangJonathan I Epstein
Jan 18, 2008·Analytical Chemistry·Li-Mei C YangReginald M Penner
Jul 2, 2008·Analytical Chemistry·Li-Mei C YangReginald M Penner
Nov 1, 2008·Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology·Jorge A LamboyGregory A Weiss
Jan 23, 2009·Methods in Molecular Biology·Juan E DiazGregory A Weiss
Oct 28, 2009·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Jorge A LamboyGregory A Weiss
Nov 3, 2010·Nano Letters·Jessica A ArterGregory A Weiss
Mar 11, 2011·Analytical Chemistry·Keith C DonavanReginald M Penner
Feb 4, 2012·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Piyush S SharmaWlodzimierz Kutner
Feb 22, 2012·Analytical Chemistry·Jessica A ArterGregory A Weiss
Aug 4, 2012·Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids·Keith C DonavanReginald M Penner
Apr 26, 2013·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Kritika MohanGregory A Weiss
Mar 13, 2014·Analytical Biochemistry·Kritika Mohan, Gregory A Weiss
May 1, 2008·Analytical Chemistry·Gregory A Weiss, Reginald M Penner