Black Carbon Emissions from Associated Natural Gas Flaring

Environmental Science & Technology
Cheryl L WeyantTami C Bond

Abstract

Approximately 150 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas is flared and vented in the world annually, emitting greenhouse gases and other pollutants with no energy benefit. About 7 BCM per year is flared in the United States, and half is from North Dakota alone. There are few emission measurements from associated gas flares and limited black carbon (BC) emission factors have been previously reported from the field. Emission plumes from 26 individual flares in the Bakken formation in North Dakota were sampled. Methane, carbon dioxide, and BC were measured simultaneously, allowing the calculation of BC mass emission factors using the carbon balance method. Particle optical absorption was measured using a three-wavelength particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) and BC particle number and mass concentrations were measured with a single particle soot photometer. The BC emission factors varied over 2 orders of magnitude, with an average and uncertainty range of 0.14 ± 0.12 g/kg hydrocarbons in associated gas and a median of 0.07 g/kg which represents a lower bound on these measurements. An estimation of the BC emission factor derived from PSAP absorption provides an upper bound at 3.1 g/kg. These results are lower than previous ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 21, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·Bradley M Conrad, Matthew R Johnson
Apr 13, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Alexander GvakhariaColm Sweeney
Mar 22, 2018·Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source·Ashley L BoldenCarol F Kwiatkowski
Sep 4, 2020·International Journal of Epidemiology·Mary WillisElaine Hill
Nov 23, 2016·Scientific Data·Kan Huang, Joshua S Fu
Dec 7, 2016·Environmental Geochemistry and Health·P J SaundersA Munroe

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