Blood lead and cadmium levels in preschool children and associated risk factors in São Paulo, Brazil

Environmental Pollution
Kelly Polido Kaneshiro OlympioMaria Regina Alves Cardoso

Abstract

In Brazil, there are scarce data on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination, especially for more vulnerable populations such as preschool children. In this paper, we answer two questions: (1) What are the exposure levels of lead and cadmium in preschool children, in Sao Paulo, Brazil? and (2) What are the risk factors associated with this exposure? This cross-sectional study included 50 day care centers (DCCs), totaling 2463 children aged 1-4 years. Venous blood samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. Questionnaires were administered to the parents. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify associations between blood lead levels (BLLs) and blood cadmium levels (BCLs) and potential risk factors. The geometric mean for BLLs was 2.16 μg/dL (95% CI: 2.10-2.22 μg/dL), and the 97.5th percentile was 13.9 μg/dL (95% CI: 10.0-17.3 μg/dL). For cadmium exposure, the geometric mean for BCLs was 0.48 μg/L (95% CI: 0.47-0.50 μg/L), and the 95th percentile was 2.57 μg/L (95% CI: 2.26-2.75 μg/L). The DCCs' geographic region was associated with high BLLs and BCLs, indicating hot spots for lead and cadmium exposures. In addition, it was found that the higher the vehicles flow, the higher were the BLLs in children. Red lead in household...Continue Reading

Citations

Aug 22, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Isabelle Nogueira LerouxKelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
Apr 4, 2019·Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine·Muwaffak Al OsmanIsaac Yaw Massey
Sep 12, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Isabelle Nogueira LerouxKelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
Nov 28, 2020·The Science of the Total Environment·A S OliveiraK P K Olympio
Feb 3, 2021·Toxics·Daniela Ramírez OrtegaVerónica Pérez de la Cruz
Nov 24, 2020·Environmental Pollution·Niedson Correia de Lima JuniorGlaecir Roseni Mundstock Dias

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