Both Sphingomyelin and Cholesterol in the Host Cell Membrane Are Essential for Rubella Virus Entry

Journal of Virology
Noriyuki OtsukiMakoto Takeda

Abstract

Rubella virus (RuV) causes a systemic infection, and transplacental fetal infection causes congenital rubella syndrome. In this study, we showed that treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase inhibited RuV infection. Assays using inhibitors of serine palmitoyl transferase and ceramide transport protein demonstrated the contribution of sphingomyelin (SM) to RuV infection. Compelling evidence for direct binding of RuV to lipid membranes at neutral pH was obtained using liposome coflotation assays. The absence of either SM or cholesterol (Chol) abrogated the RuV-liposome interaction. SM and Chol (SM/Chol) were also critical for RuV binding to erythrocytes and lymphoid cells. Removal of Ca2+ from the assay buffer or mutation of RuV envelope E1 protein Ca2+-binding sites abrogated RuV binding to liposomes, erythrocytes, and lymphoid cells. However, RuV bound to various nonlymphoid adherent cell lines independently of extracellular Ca2+ or SM/Chol. Even in these adherent cell lines, both the E1 protein Ca2+-binding sites and cellular SM/Chol were essential for the early stage of RuV infection, possibly affecting envelope-membrane fusion in acidic compartments. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has recently been identified as a...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 4, 2020·Metabolites·David BalgomaOlimpio Montero
May 20, 2020·Frontiers in Microbiology·Amani AudiHassan Zaraket
Oct 1, 2019·Annual Review of Virology·Ellen Ketter, Glenn Randall
Feb 23, 2021·Frontiers in Microbiology·Inés RipaRaquel Bello-Morales
Feb 26, 2021·Journal of Virology·Pratyush Kumar Das, Margaret Kielian
May 7, 2021·The Journal of General Virology·Thrimendra Kaushika DissanayakeKelvin Kai-Wang To
Jun 1, 2021·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Basis of Disease·Verónica Zaga-ClavellinaDaniel Ortuño-Sahagún
Jun 3, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Nadine Beckmann, Katrin Anne Becker
Aug 17, 2021·IScience·Yanhong HaoSuming Chen

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