Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Microglial Polarization: Implications for Aging and Neurodegeneration

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Jose L Labandeira-GarciaMaria J Guerra

Abstract

Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to physiological conditions or brain lesions. An adequate transition from the M1 (proinflammatory) to M2 (immunoregulatory) phenotype is necessary to counteract brain damage. Several factors involved in microglial polarization have already been identified. However, the effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on microglial polarization are less known. It is well known that there is a "classical" circulating RAS; however, a second RAS (local or tissue RAS) has been observed in many tissues, including brain. The locally formed angiotensin is involved in local pathological changes of these tissues and modulates immune cells, which are equipped with all the components of the RAS. There are also recent data showing that brain RAS plays a major role in microglial polarization. Level of microglial NADPH-oxidase (Nox) activation is a major regulator of the shift between M1/proinflammatory and M2/immunoregulatory microglial phenotypes so that Nox activation promotes the proinflammatory and inhibits the immunoregulatory phenotype. Angiotensin II (Ang II), v...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 16, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·LaDonya JacksonAdviye Ergul
Jan 10, 2018·Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience·Sandra ZárateRicardo Gredilla
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Methods Mentioned

BETA
confocal
PCR

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