Brain-Resident T Cells Following Viral Infection

Viral Immunology
Sujata Prasad, James R Lokensgard

Abstract

Activated CD8+ lymphocytes infiltrate the brain in response to many viral infections; where some remain stationed long term as memory T cells. Brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) are positioned to impart immediate defense against recurrent or reactivated infection. The cytokine and chemokine milieu present within a tissue is critical for TRM generation and retention; and reciprocal interactions exist between brain-resident glia and bTRM. High concentrations of TGF-β are found within brain and this cytokine has been shown to induce CD103 (integrin αeβ7) expression. The majority of T cells persisting within brain express CD103, which aids in retention through interaction with E-cadherin. Likewise, cytokines produced by T cells also modulate microglia. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 has been shown to preferentially polarize microglial cells toward an M2 phenotype, with a corresponding increase in E-cadherin expression. These findings demonstrate that the brain microenvironment, both during and following inflammation, prominently contributes to the role of CD103 in T cell persistence. Further evidence shows that microglia, and astrocytes, upregulate programmed death (PD) ligand 1 during neuroinflammation, likely to limit neur...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 30, 2020·Journal of Neurovirology·Washington C Agostinho, Paulo E Brandão
Apr 17, 2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Priyanka Chauhan, James R Lokensgard
Jan 17, 2021·Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·Lucía Martínez Cuesta, Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
Feb 26, 2021·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Katarzyna C PituchIrina V Balyasnikova
Feb 20, 2021·Frontiers in Immunology·Amalie Skak SchøllerAllan Randrup Thomsen
Aug 28, 2021·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience·Sujata PrasadJames R Lokensgard

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